/ 



ADVERTISEMENT, 



The anxiety with which the present work has been 
expected by the public since its announcement, has in- 
duced the publishers to hasten its appearance by issuing it 
in numbers. The whole work will be completed in six 
numbers, each containing from 70 to 100 pages. The 
learner will thus be enabled to commence and finish his 
study with the work* 






*r7. 

SPANISH GRAMMAR: 

BEING 

A NEW METHOD 

OF LEARNING TO 

READ, WRITE, AND SPEAK 

THE 

SPANISH LANGUAGE: 

« ARRANGED ACCORDING TO 

OLLENDORFF'S METHOD OF TEACHING LANGUAGES. 

GIVING AT FIRST 

& £i$nxeb pronunciation of i!)£ Spaniel) ttloro©, 

\» AN ILLU9TRATION OF THE RULES FOR THE SAME, AND IN ORDER TO RENDER THII 

WORK SERVICEABLE FOR SELF-INSTRUCTION. FOR WHICH PURPOSE A KEY TO 

THE EXERCISES IS PUBLISHED IN A SEPARATE VOLUME. 

WITH 

AN ADDITION TO EACH LESSON, 

AND 

AN APPENDIX 

CONTAINING 

'HE FORMER, THE USUAL FORMS OF SALUTATION AND OTHER IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS, 
AND THE LATTER, A TREATISE ON THE SPANISH VERBS ; THE EXPLANATIONS 
OF SOME RULES GIVEN IN THE LESSONS. AND OTHER IMPORTANT RE- 
MARKS, WHICH. FOR THE SAKE OF PERSPICUITY, HAVE NOT 
BEEN INTRODUCED IN THEM ; INCLUDING A COLLEC- 
TION OF THE MOST POPULAR SPANISH 
PROVERBS, ETC. 

By FRANCISCO JAVIER VINGUT. 

Few rules and much practice. — Dumarsias. 



i~f. 3/r 



NEW YORK: 
PUBLISHED BY CLARK & AUSTIN, 

205 Broadway. 
M DCCC XLTIII. 



t/s.£*u. £ ty. y&s./q. /far- 






Pat.O*~Ii»>. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1848, 

BY FRANCISCO JAVIER VINGUT, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for the Southern 

District of New York. 



. W. BENEDICT, Printer, 
16 Spruce Street. 



A DEMONSTRATION OF 

RESPECT AND ADMIRATION, 

THIS WORK 

IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED 

&0 tfje JJoxpU of ti)e Enitea 0taU0, 

BY 

THE AUTHOR. 



PREFACE 



TO THE FIRST EDITION OF OLLENDORFF'S METHOD 
APPLIED TO THE GERMAN. 



Every one who learns a language naturally desires to 
be able to speak and write it : and as the Grammars that have 
heretofore appeared are not adapted to this purpose, I 
have thought it might be useful to make public the method 
which I have made use of in teaching for seventeen years, 
and which has enabled my scholars not only to read the lan- 
guage, but also to speak and w r rite it like natives. I might 
here expatiate with great fluency on the greater or lesser ad- 
vantages which the different grammars of the present day s 
offer ; this, however, would lead me too far. I shall confine 
myself to the remark, that none of those in common use cor- 
respond to my idea of a good Grammar : they all appear to 
me w T anting in clearness, order, and precision. As to those 
which have lately appeared, the authors of which begin by 
giving examples from the best poets, they resemble the can- 
vas on which a painter has begun at the feet to paint his 
picture ; or rather they resemble one who appropriates to 
himself some characteristic features, which he has borrowed 
from the great masters, and which he merely disfigures, w 7 hile 
he arranges and exhibits them without a plan or a leading 
object. But how have we solved the problem proposed to 
us ? Teachers and scholars will very soon judge for them- 
selves. 

I must here be permitted to give a few explanations of my 
method ; it is intended not only to teach the reading of a 
language, but also to enable one to express himself in it w T ith 
ease, and to write a letter correctly. 

I have often been led to reflect upon the manner in which 
a language can be taught in the shortest time ; and I have 
found it everywhere surrounded with difficulties. Meidinger, 
who holds the first rank among those who have essentially 
contributed to improve the methods of teaching languages, 



PREFACE. 



is yet very far from leading the scholar to the object he 
wishes to attain ; and although his Grammar has had an ex- 
traordinary sale, and imitators without number, it by no 
means contains the requisites of a good method. I have 
myself used it for a long time in teaching ; later, however, I 
found that this Grammar, besides its deficiency in grammatical 
exercises, and precise and definite rules, accustoms the 
learner to recite lessons too rapidly, without affording him a 
previous opportunity of practically applying them. It has 
also the disadvantage of containing ready-made, and there- 
fore comparatively useless sentences ; the author mixes too 
much those rales of which the scholar is quite ignorant, with 
those which he already knows; and not till the 143d lesson, 
after he has explained the compound tenses of the verbs ; 
can the teacher form questions and answers of the sentences ; 
and even then he is still obliged to adapt all such sentences 
to the very limited knowledge of his scholars. 

After Meidinger, Seidensticker has also done something to 
improve the method of teaching languages, especially in plac- 
ing the dissected or analyzed (zergliederte) sentences before 
the Lessons, and introducing the verb in his first exercise. 

But besides not attempting any grammatical explanations, 
he also fails, equally with Meidinger, in putting questions 
which the scholars may readily answer, in the language they 
are learning. 

Nothing, therefore, availed, but to unite the excellences 
which these two Grammars afforded ; the sentences must be so 
dissected that the teacher may propose questions, and the 
scholar be able to answer them in the language taught. 

This twofold need I in some measure supplied by causing 
my scholars to transpose the constructions of all the lessons 
they had learned ; and in order to combine and unite the 
first and last lessons learned, the earlier lessons were con- 
tinually repeated. In this way I attained my object. I was, 
however, still anxious to improve upon my effort. " If," 
said I often to myself, " ail the ordinary forms of conversa- 
tional discourse were united in a series, and all the rules of 
grammar could be applied to them, this would be the method 
of acquiring a perfect knowledge of a language in the short- 
est time possible." 

While I continued to exercise my scholars in combining 
their lessons in various forms, I was naturally brought nearer 



to this simple, easy, less monotonous, and often amusing 
system, by means of which beginners, from the first hour of 
instruction, are not only able to speak, but are not obliged to 
restrain their reasoning faculties, and confine themselves to 
tedious forms. 

I therefore prefixed to all my sentences a clear and intel- 
ligible grammatical statement ; I then arranged them in 
questions and answers, at the same time embracing all the 
parts of speech, the general as well as the particular rules of 
grammar, the idiomatic phrases, and the greater part of the 
familiar forms of conversation. I was not guided by arbitrary 
laws but by the manner in which a child begins to learn his 
mother tongue. I left the scholar in freedom to meditate 
upon what he had learned, and to give an account of every- 
thing before he applied it. I thus succeeded in teaching my 
scholars at the same time to read, write, and amuse them- 
selves. 

Arranged in this manner, my method very nearly answered 
my intentions ; it had, however, the defect of being adapted 
to private instruction, besides leaving too much to scholars 
the choice of sentences in their compositions. This I reme- 
died by adding exercises to the lessons, in which I endeavored 
to give every sentence and every rule, with all the turns and 
transpositions capable of making sense. By this means this 
Method may be used with a great number of scholars, and it 
is by no means difficult for them to answer the question with 
which they have become familiar in the Lessons. 

I do not flatter myself that my work, as I here present it, is 
susceptible of no improvement ; but all who have been occu- 
pied in the study of languages, or have had opportunity of 
watching the progress of scholars in different schools, will 
agree with me that this Method affords the only means of 
obtaining the exact knowledge of a language by the shortest 
way, and without fatigue. 

I have felt it necessary thus to explain how I have suc- 
ceeded, step by step, in forming my Method, that I might an- 
ticipate those who should feel disposed to criticise my work 
without waiting till at a future time it shall appear complete. 
I beg to remind them that this Method is not, like many 
others, the work of a day, or the product of a fiery imagina- 
tion, but the fruit of seventeen years' labor and experience, 



INTRODUCTION, 



Delectando doceo, 

The plan pursued in the present work is substantially the 
same as that explained in the preceding preface, excepting 
some slight alterations in the arrangement of the lessons, 
which by his own experience, the author of the present work 
has deemed indispensable, thereby avoiding many tedious 
repetitions which were necessary in the French edition. The 
treatise on the feminine gender, instead of being placed in the 
third part of the book, has been introduced in its proper place, 
in the first part, the former for many reasons being considered 
an objectionable arrangement ; other not less important objec- 
tions the author has endeavored to remove, by a more syste- 
matic arrangement of the models. The superiority of Ollen- 
dorff^ Method is now so readily and universally acknow- 
ledged, that we deem it unnecessary to set forth its peculiar 
merits by comparisons derogatory to other methods. 

To instruct, it is necessary to mingle the useful withth e 
agreeable ; that the heart may enjoy while the mind im- 
proves. A perfect knowledge of the languages of this conti- 
nent, and its right and exact use, are not only necessary parts 
of a cultivated mind, but also essential elements of civilized 
society in America ; without it, it is impossible to cultivate 
literature, to fertilize wit, to recreate imagination with pro- 
ductions worthy of rational beings, or to avoid those errors 
which occasionally have an influence upon the happiness of 
man. 

In this a°"e of improvements, the theory of language is inti- 
mately connected with the most sublime parts of the meta- 
physical sciences ; and the art of speaking with perspicuity 
and precision, has become the basis of the art of thinking with 
exactness and solidity. 

The Castilian language would (perhaps more easily than 
1* 



10 INTRODUCTION. 

any other of the modern languages) have acquired all the 
perfection of which it is susceptible. But when the best 
epoch of its improvement had arrived, two powerful obsta- 
cles were presented; that is, " Purism" and " Gallicism." 

The Purists, fanatical admirers of the sixteenth century, 
thought that their pens had fixed the boundaries to any fur- 
ther improvement in the Spanish idiom. But we are far from 
diminishing the eminent merit of those learned men, who, 
combating the great obstacles of scholastic pedantry, knew 
how to embellish their language with so many graceful and 
noble ornaments, and to relieve it of the harshness with which 
the age of the Northern barbarians had infected it. But their 
exertions were almost fruitless ; not from their fault, but from 
that of the century in which they lived. They created a lan- 
guage only suitable for bigots, poets, or lovers. That the 
language might be the organ of ratiocination, something else 
was necessary ; and degraded reason was obliged to keep a 
deep and long silence before the oppressive government of a 
superstitious court, and among a people under the dominion 
of the " Inquisition ;" and all the errors which fanaticism 
could create. 

When the noble faculty of thinking began to spring forth, 
under the auspices of freedom, in Spain, the Gallicism over- 
came and took exclusive possession of the language ; and by 
imitating the poorest and least sonorous language of Europe, 
the Spanish has degenerated. 

Fortunately, while the Spanish language is degenerating in 
Europe, a better fate awaits it in this part of the world, where 
it was brought by a spirit of conquest. 

The independence of Spanish America marks a very impor- 
tant period in the Spanish language : and as all humane insti- 
tutions ought to prosper in this happy land, without doubt the 
national language of the greater part of this continent will 
rise to the level of other improvements, and will become wor- 
thy of being the organ of the general intercourse between the 
United States and Spanish America. 

Our principal object in dedicating this Grammar to the 
People of the United States, is no other than to promote and 
generalize the instruction of the Spanish language — so useful 
and so necessary to all its citizens, whatever their profession 
may be. The merchant, the man of letters, the agriculturist, 
finally, all classes of society, will readily agree with us upoi 



INTRODUCTION. 11 

the necessity of possessing this language, which is the most 
generally spoken in this vast continent. 

It is with that object that we have adapted the present 
work not only to the use of teachers, but also for self-instruc- 
tion, by means of giving the pronunciation of the Spanish 
words* for those persons who, from peculiar circumstances, 
may be obliged to study without the assistance of a teacher ; 
for which purpose we publish in a separate volume a Key to 
the Exercises, to be compared with the translation of the learner. 
But at the same time, we would advise them not to avoid the 
assistance of a teacher if it could be conveniently obtained, or at 
least to consult one occasionally, for it would prove of great 
advantage, since it would give the learner a more accurate 
and correct pronunciation ; besides, the explanation of the 
many questions and doubts which must necessarily occur in 
the course of the lessons. 

The author avails himself of this opportunity to explain a 
fact, which he has observed in the course of his instruction, 
and which may, perhaps, appear strange to many. 

Since he undertook the present work, he thought of repre- 
senting the pronunciation, for the purpose of assisting the scho- 
lar ; and in order to discover its effect, and to make an experi- 
ment of his plan, he handed his manuscripts to his pupils, as 
they are now published, without making the least observation 
to them concerning the pronunciation ; and he may state that 
the result has always by far surpassed his expectation. 

It seems that the scholar remembers the sounds more easily 
by bearing in mind the letters by which they are represented, 
than by bearing them from the teacher ; for being constantly 
before their eyes, it is the same as if they were continually 
hearing them. 

Thus, by our plan, it will be seen that much time and trou- 
ble are saved, even to teachers themselves, in repeating the 
pronunciation of the words to their scholars — a task disagree- 
able to both parties — some slight remarks being sufficient for 
that purpose. 

* It will be found to be very correct, having been properly read by 
several persons at the first trial. But should any doubts occur to the 
learner, the explanation we give of the Alphabet will be sufficient to 
satisfy him. 



EXPLANATION OF THE SIGNS USED IN THIS BOOK. 

T Expressions, which vary either in their construction or idiom, from 
the English, are marked thus : f 

The irregular verbs are designated by an (*) asterisk. 

Rules of syntax or construction will be found at the end of each 
lesson, according to numbers. 



SPANISH GRAMMAR. 



The Spanish Alphabet is composed of the following 



CHARACTERS. 


NAMES. 




CHARACTERS. 


NAMES. 


A, 


ah. 






N, 


ainay. 


B, 


bay. 






N, 


an-niay, 


c, 


thay. 






o 5 


0. 


Ch, 


chay. 






P, 


pay. 


D, 


day. 






Q, 


koo. 


E, 


ai. 






R, 


airay. 


F, 


aiffay. 






Rr, 


air-ray. 


G, 


hay. 






S, 


aissay. 


H, 


achay. 






% 


tay. 


I, 


ee. 






u, 


00. 


J, 


hottah. 






V, 


vay. 


L 5 


ailay. 






x, 


aikeys. 


LI, 


ailyeay. 






Y, 


e. 


M, 


aimay, 






z, 


thater. 


The y is 


pronounced e 


like 


the 


Spanish i, 


but is denominated 


eegreedigah. 
















OBSERVATIONS. 





In Spanish each letter represents a peculiar and distinct sound, con- 
sequently there is not, as in English and French, letter without sound 
and sound without letter, but every letter must be pronounced clearly 
and distinctly. 



THE 


ALPHABET 




Vowels. 


, a, 


i, o, 
e, o, 



14 



Their sounds, ah : 

Vowels, in Spanish, always preserve the same sound. But, as in 
the syllables que, qui ; gue, gui, the u is not sounded except when 
gue gui has a diaeresis on the u ; thus, gi'ie, gi'ii. 

Consonants. 
[A figured pronunciation is given below each combination.] 
. C. 2 

C, before e, i, is pronounced as th in thank, think ; before a, o, u, 
like k. 

ca, ce, ci, co, cu, 
kah, thay, thee, ko, koo. 

Ch. 
Ch, as ch, in the English words charity, church. 

cha, k. die, chi, cho, chu, 
chah, chay, chee, cho, choo. 

D. 1 

D, is pronounced, very similar to the sound of th in the English 
words though, than. 

da, de, di, do, du, 

dah, day, dee, don, doo. 

G. 

G, before e, i, is pronounced like h in hen, hill ; in every other case 
as in gap. 



ge> gh 



gu, 



gah, hay, hee, go, goo. 

H. 

H, always mute. 

ha, he, hi, ho, hu, 
ah, ai, ee, oh, oo. 

J. 

J, is pronounced always as in the English words hill, hall, hand, 
that is the same as the g with e, ?', in Spanish. 

ja, je, ji, jo, ju, 
hah, hay, hee, ho, hoo. 

LI. 
LI, as Hi in William. 

lla, lie, Hi, Ho, llu, 
lliah, lliay, lliee, llio, llioo. 



THE ALPHABET. 15 

h "■ . n. 

N, as in opinion, or gn in French. 

w<z, ne, ra, «o, mm, 

niah, niay, niee, nio, nioo. 

Q. 

Q, this letter is used now only in the syllables que, qui, where the 
u is not sounded. 

que, qui, 

kay, key. 

The c is used instead of the q in all words where it is followed by u, 

when this vowel is sounded ; consequently we write cuando, when ; 

cuestion, question ; cuidado, care ; cuota, quota, &c. 

R. 

R, has two pronunciations : one soft, signified by a single r, and 
sounds as in bar, card; the other sound is hard, as in rage, river, 
Rome, and is signified by rr ; except in these cases: — 1st. In the 
beginning of a word it should always be single and pronounced as 
double. 2d. When the consonants /, n, s, are before the r, either in 
the simple or in the compound word, this letter must never be doubled, 
and nevertheless it ought to be pronounced hard, as in malrotar, to de- 
stroy; enriquecer, to grow rich; Iwnra, honor; Israel. 3d. In the 
compounds of two nouns, or of one noun, or verb, and the preposition 
pre or pro ; the r is likewise single in the second part of the com- 
pound, though its sound is hard, as in maniroto, cariredondo, prero- 
gativa, prorogar ; and though it is usual to put a line between the 
parts of these compounds, it may be omitted, because it is not neces- 
sary in order to know their composition. 



S, is always pronounced strongly, as in six. 
sa, se, si, so, 
sah, say, see, so, 



T, As in temerity, (see Note 1.) 

ta, te, ti, to, tu, 

tan, tay, tee, to, too. 

X. 

X. This letter has now very little use in Spanish, being supplied by 

j and s. In those words where retained, it is pronounced as in En- 
glish. 

xa, xe, xi, xo, xu, 

xah, xay, xee, xo, xoo. 



16 THE ALPHABET. 

Y. 

Y, when it stands alone, in which case it is a conjunction, mean- 
ing and, and when a vowel, is pronounced as Spanish i ; in any other 
case, as in the English words yesterday, year. 

ya, ye, yo, yu, 

yah, yay, yo, yoo. 

Z. 2 

Z. The sound of z, before all vowels, and at the end of words, is 
like that of th in its sharp pronunciation, as in thought, throne, death, 
breath. 

za, ze, zi, zo, zu, 
thah, thay, thee, tho, thoo. 

B, F, K, L, M, N, 0, P, V, pronounced as in English. 3 

Note 1. — The sound of d and t is not exactly the same in English 
as in Spanish, — there is a difference, which, although trifling in itself, 
is very perceptible, and therefore should be noticed. It will be ob- 
served that in speaking the English, the sound of d and t is formed 
by striking the end of the tongue against the roof of the mouth. In 
Spanish the tongue is used in the same manner, but, instead of 
striking the roof of the mouth, it strikes the upper teeth ; the d, there- 
fore, uttered after the Spanish manner, is very similar to the English 
words though, than. 

Note 2.— With regard to the sound of c, before e or i, as well as 
that of z, it must be observed, that it is not universal. In some 
provinces of Spain, as for instance, Galicia, Estremadura, Asturias, and 
in all South America, people generally sound c and z as s, in the En- 
glish words set, seat. The Andalucians give them a kind of lisp, and 
sound them with some affectation. It is in Old and New Castile alone, 
that it is generally given to these letters the sound of th. But, as the 
most erudite people of all the provinces, both of Old and New Spain, 
sound the c and z in the manner that is done by the Castilians; as no 
rules of the Spanish Academy at Madrid are more strongly inculcated 
than those relative to the proper sounding of these letters ; and as this 
sound, according to our opinion, is the most compatible with the 
genius of the Spanish language, we have no hesitation in saying that 
those who wish to speak the Spanish with purity should adopt this 
manner of pronouncing the c and z. 

Note 3. — It is necessary not to fall into the erroneous impression 
that the Spaniards sound the letters B and V alike. There is no rule 
in the late treatise on orthography, by the Spanish Academy, so 
strongly recommended as the one relating to the difference which must 
necessarily exist between the sound of B and V. The Spanish Aca- 
demy ought, on any occasion, to be sufficient authority to prove the 
correctness of any rule we may be disposed to give. But, as this er- 
roneous impression has become very general, particularly among 



THE ALPHABET. 17 

those persons who, not understanding the language perfectly well, 
have heard native Spaniards speak, we shall explain the reason which 
has induced them to form an opinion so contrary to the rules of Span- 
ish pronunciation. 

The Spaniards, in pronouncing the V, join, like the English, the 
upper teeth to the lower lip. But, in all those languages which have 
been chiefly formed from the Latin, the consonants are never sounded 
strongly ; the pressure in Spanish is not so strong as it is in English. 
In fact, none of the consonants are so strongly pronounced in Spanish, 
Italian, &c, formed from the Latin, as they arein English, German, 
&c. Hence it is, that the sound of V seems so near the sound of B ; 
and those persons who are not perfectly conversant with the Spanish 
find it so difficult to perceive the distinction between these two 
sounds : but which distinction is, in fact, as great as it is in English. 
- The following will show the great mistakes that may arise from 
confounding these two letters : — 

Basto (coarse, unpolished), vasto (vast). Balido (the bleating of a 
sheep), valido (past part, of valer, to be worth). Baron (a title of no- 
bility), varon (a male person). Bazo (the spleen), vaso (a glass). 
Beta (a string), veta (a vein of ore). Billa (a chance in the game of 
billiard), villa (a town). Baqueta (ramrod), vaqueta (sole leather). 
Embestir (to assail), envestir (to invest). Grabar (to engrave), gra- 
var (to burden). Rebelar (to revolt), revelar (to reveal). 

OBSERVATION. 

To persons who will study without a teacher is very particularly 
recommended the following: 

It is of great importance in this system that the scholar should be- 
come familiar with the pronunciation of the alphabet, and especially 
the vowels; indeed, so much so, that otherwise it is physically im- 
possible to obtain the object of this work or to make rapid progress. 
Fortunately, it is an easy acquisition, and altogether in the scholar's 
power, by, after having read the figured pronunciation (which only 
ought to be looked at first, to learn it, and after it, as for consultation, 
representing the teacher, whom it supplies), repeating the sounds of 
the words, looking, at the same time, at the column on the characters, 
which, in Spanish, represent those sounds, untilthey are thoroughly 
familiar to the ear and to the eye. 



FIRST LESSON. 



ENGLISH. 



SPANISH. 



First Lesson.Q) Lection primer a. 

DEFINITE ARTICLE. ( 3 ) ARTICULO DEFINIDO. 

Masculine singular. Singular masculino. 



PRONUNCIATION-^ 

Lectheon preemaira. 

ARTEECOOLO DAIFEE- 
NEEDO. 

Singoolar maskooletno, 



Nominative, the, Nominative, 

Possessive, of, or from Posesivo, 

the, 

Objective, to the, Oojetivo, 



el, JVomeenateevo, el], 

del, Posaiseevo, dell, 



al, Ob-hai-tee-vo, 



al. 



Have you. 

Yes, Sir, I have. 

The hat. 

Have you the hat ? 

Yes, Sir, I have the 

hat ? 
The bread. 
The plate. 
The soao. 
The sugar. 
The paper. 
My hat. 
Your bread. 
Have you my hat ? 

Yes, Sir, I have your 

hat. 
Have you your bread ? 

I have my bread. 
Which or What ? 



i Tiene V. ?(*) 

Si, senor, tengo. 

El sombrero. 

; Tiene V. el sombre- 



ro : 
Si, senor. 

sombrero. 
El pan. 
El plato. 
El jabon. 
El azucar. 
El pap el. 
Mi sombrero. 
Su pan. 
< Tiene,. V. mi 

bero ? 
Si, Senor, teng 

sombrero. 
I Tiene V. su pan 

Tengo mi pan. 



tengo el 



i Teeainy oostaid ? 
See, Sainnior, taingo. 
Ell sombrairo. 
; Teeainy oostaid ell 

sombrairo ? 
See, Sainnior, taingo ell 

sombrairo. 
Ell pan. 
Ell plahto. 
Ell habon. 
Ell athookar(^). 
Ell pah-pa.il. 
Me sombrairo. 
Soo pan. 
i Teeainy oostaid me 

sombrairo ? 
See, Sainnior, taingo 

soo sombrairo. 
i Teeainy oostaid soo 

pan ? 
Taingo me pan. 



I Dual o que 7 



I Kwal o hay ? 

Observation — Which or what is more generally rendered by que 
when the noun follows immediately, and by cual (plural cuales) when 
it is separated from it. 6 But what is preferably rendered by que. 
and which by cual. 



Which hat have you ? 

I have my hat. 
Which bread have you ? 



I have a 



: bread. 



,: Cual sombrero tiene 
V.? 

Tengo mi sombrero. 
t Cual pan tiene V.? 

Tengo su pan. 



i Kwal sombrairo teeai- 
ny oostaid ? 

Taingo me sombrairo, 

; Kwal pan teeainy oos- 
taid ? 

Taingo soo pan. 



20 FIRST LESSON. 

(1.) It is a characteristic of the Spanish language to have every let- 
ter sounded, but most especially when a vowel is the termination of a 
word. This observation is inasmuch important as the gender of a 
noun is known by its termination. Ex. : — hermano (brother), herma- 
na (sister). 

(2.)Tb Teachers. — Each lesson should be dictated to the pupils, who 
should pronounce each word as soon as dictated. Each lesson in- 
cludes three operations ; the teacher in the first place, looking over 
the exercises of the most attentive of his pupils, will put to them the 
questions contained in the printed exercises; he then dictates to them 
the next lesson ; and lastly, puts fresh questions on all the preceding 
lessons. The teacher may divide one lesson into two, or two into 
three, or even make two into one, according to the degree of intelli- 
gence of his pupils. 



(3.) OF THE SIX CASES OF THE SPANISH LANGUAGE. 

1. Nominative — 2. Genitive — 3. Dative 
4. Accusative — 5. Vocative — 6. Ablative. 

Properly speaking, there are' only three cases in modern langua- 
ges, viz. : — 1. Nominative — 2. Possessive — 3. Objective. Because all 
modern languages, having no difference of terminations, there is no 
declension of nouns ; but conformably to the Latin, from which the 
Spanish language is chiefly derived, and to submit ourselves to the 
rules adopted by the Spanish Royal Academy, we will speak of the 
six cases, taking the preposition by which they are preceded as termi- 
nations of names, which alone constitutes their declension. In the 
Latin, Greek, and German tongues, names have terminations according 
to the case in which they are used, and there is no necessity to use 
any preposition to point out the case. 

1. A Nominative is the termination of a name which indicates it to 
be the subject of the sentence, as el hombre escribe, the man writes, 
hombre is the subject. 

2. A Genitive is the case which indicates that an object has refer- 
ence to another object expressed in the same sentence, as a possessor, 
or as a thing possessed, as an original object, or as an object derived 
from it, &c, as el padre de Pedro, the father of Peter; el oro del Bra- 
sil, the gold of Brazil ; lu luz de la ciencia, the light of science, &c, 
therefore it is a possessive case. 

3. A Dative is that case which represents an object to which ano- 
ther object, expressed in the same sentence, is given or attributed; for 
instance, escribo a Juan, I write to John ; libros para Pedro, hooks for 
Peter, &c, therefore it is an objective case. 

4. An Accusative is that case which is the object of the meaning or 
action of the verb of the sentence, for instance, tu escribes cartas, thou 
writest letters ; oye la verdad, hear the truth, &c, therefore it is also 
an objective case. 



FIRST LESSON. 21 

5. A Vocative indicates the person to whom we speak in the most 
direct manner, for instance, when we say, Juan escuchame, John do 
listen to me ; as John is the object of the verb we would qualify the 
vocative as an objective case. 

6. An Ablative is that case which admits all the prepositions which 
cannot precede any other case in Spanish according to the old routine 
of the schools ; but if we take into consideration, that in Spanish the 
preposition which precedes a case, springs always from the meaning 
of the verb, we shall not hesitate in qualifying the Ablative as & pos- 
sessive case ; since we say very properly viene de 31adrid, he comes 
from Madrid; va con su hermano, he goes with his brother, &c. 

The cases are distinguished in Spanish according to the preposi- 
tions which precede them, viz. : — a Nominative is never preceded by 
any preposition ; — a Genitive is always preceded by the preposition 
de (of or from) ; — a Dative by the preposition a (to) or para (for) or 
por (by) ; — an Accusative by the same prepositions which precede the 
Dative case; — a Vocative is never preceded by any preposition, and an 
Ablative admits all the prepositions emanating from the meaning of the 
verb, and which can precede a Genitive or a Dative case. 

(4.) It is, perhaps, an abuse of civilization that the use of the se- 
cond person plural, you, has been introduced in some modern languages 
instead of the second person singular, ' thou. In Spanish, however, 
they go still further and use listed for the singular, and Ustedes for the 
plural, instead of tu (thou) and vosotros (you). It relates to Vuestra- 
Merced (your honor) and Yuestras-Mer cedes (your honors). These 
titles in writing are generally abbreviated thus : — Vd.» Vm., or V. ; — 
for listed. Ustedes is contracted by adding an s to any of those abbrevi- 
ations as Vds., Vms., or Vs. Examples : — Senor, icdmo lopasa V. ? — 
Sir, how do you do ? Senores, Vs. usan demanadas ceremonias. 
Gentlemen, you use too many ceremonies. It scarcely seems necessary 
to observe that in conjugating the verb according to listed and Ustedes, 
the second and third person of the same are always alike. Ex. : — V. 
tiene, you have — el tiene, he has — Vs. tienen, you have — ellos tienen, 
they have. 

(5.) Particular attention must be paid to the peculiar accent of each 
word, which has been carefully done to facilitate the pronunciation. 
In the word azucar, for instance, the accent placed over the u indicates 
that the stress of the voice must be laid on that vowel. The follow- 
ing examples will show how important this observation is. Amo, I 
love, — amo, he did love. Tomo I take, — tomo he took. 

(6.) Ex.: — He aqui dos espadas ; cudl quiere V. ? Here are two 
swords, which will you have ?? ICudles de estos libros son los mios ? — 
Which of those books are mine ? 



22 SECOND LESSON. 

EXERCISE. (0 

Have you the bread ? — Yes, Sir, I have the bread. — Have you your 
bread ? — I have my bread — Have you your plate ? — T have my plate. 
— Have you the plate ? — I have the plate. — Have you the soap ? — I 
have the soap. — Have you my soap ? — I have your soap. — Which 
soap have you ? — I have my soap. — Have you your sugar ? — I have 
my sugar. — Which sugar have you ? — f have your sugar. — Which 
paper have you ? — I have my paper. — Have you my paper ? — I have 
your paper. — Which hat have you? — I have my hat. — Which soap 
have you ? — I have your soap. (2) 

(I). This exercise must be done in the following manner. The pupil will 
read, for instance, " Have you the bread ?" and pronounce the translation, 
iTiene V. el z>an ? If he feels any doubt as to the pronunciation, he must 
look, as a reference, at the column where the pronunciation of the words, 
of which the phrase is composed, is figured. After he has gone through 
this exercise once, twice, or more until he may be completely satisfied of 
the operation (without which he ought not to go further if he wishes for 
success), he will then write the translation in a copy-book, with which 
every pupil ought to be provided to write in it all the exercises in 
Spanish. 

(2). Pupils desirous of making rapid progress may compose a great 
many phrases in addition to those given in the exercises, but they 
must pronounce them aloud as they write them in the copy-book. 
They should also make separate lists of such substantives, adjectives, 
pronouns, and verbs as they meet with in the course of the lessons, in 
order to be able to find those words more readily when required to re- 
fer to them in writing their exercises. 

Note.— WHEN DIVIDING WORDS INTO SYLLABLES, observe, 
that a compound syllable must begin with a consonant. Example : te- 
ner, a-zu-car, som-bre-ro, cere-mo-nias, ca-ba-llo, pe-rro, etc. 



SECOND LESSON. 

ENGLISH. SPANISH. PRONUNCIATION. 

Second Lesson. Leccion segunda. Lectheon saigoondah. 

It. 0) Lo. Lo 5 lah. 

Have you my hat ? ; Tiene V. mi sombre- < Teeainy oostaid me 

ro ? sombrairo. 

Yes, Sir, I have it. Si, Senor, lo tengo. See, sainnior.lo taingo 

Good. Bueno. Buaino. 



SECOND LESSON, 



23 



ENGLISH. 

Bad. 

Pretty. 

Beautiful, fine. 

Handsome. 

Ugly. 

Old. 

The handkerchief. 

The shoe. 

The cotton. 

The fan. 

The looking-glass. 

mirror. 
The dog. 
The horse. 
Have you my pretty 



JYot. 

I have not. 

I have not the bread. 

No, sir. 

Have you my old hat ? 

No, sir, I have it not. 

Which paper have you : 

I have the good paper. 

Which dog have you ? 

I have my good dog. 

Of. 

The cotton handker- 
chief. 
The paper hat. 

The leather. 
The leather shoe. 

Which handkerchief 
have you ? 

I have your handker- 
chief. 

Which hat have you? 

I have my paper hat. 

Have you my leather 
shoe ? 
No, sir, I have it not. 



SPANISH. 

Malo. 
Bonito. 

Hermoso, bello. 

Lindo. 

Feo. 

Viejo. 

El panuelo., 

El zapato. 

El algodon. 

El abanico. 

El espejo. 

El perro. 
El caballo. 

j, Tiene Vd. mi bonito 
perro ?( 3 ) 

JYo. 

No tengo. 
No tengo el pan. 
No ? senor. 

I Tiene Vd. mi sombre- 
ro viejo ?( 4 ) 
No, senor, no lo tengo. 

I Cual papel tiene Vd.? 

Tengo el papel bueno. 

I Cual perro tiene Vd.? 

Tengo mi buen perro. ( 5 ) 

Be. 

El panuelo de algo- 

don.( 6 ) 
El sombrero de papel. 

El cuero. 

El zapato de cuero. 

I Cual panuelo tiene 

Vd.? 
Tengo su panuelo. 

i Cual sombrero tiene 

Vd.? 
Tengo mi sombrero de 

papel. 
i Tiene Vd. mi zapato 

de cuero ? 
No, senor, no lo tengo. 



PRONUNCIATION. 

Mahlo. 

Boneeto. 

Airmoso, bailyo. 

Leendo. 

Fai-o. 

Veeai-ho. 

Ell pan-yu-ailo,, 

Ell thahpahto. 

Ell algodon. 

Ell ahbaneeco. 

Ell espaiho. 

Ell pair-ro. (*) 
Ellkabal-yo. 
I Teeainy oostaid me 
boneeto pair-ro 1 

JVb ; 

No taingo. 

No taingo ell pan. 

No sainyor. 

I Teeainy oostaid me 
sombrairo veeai-ho ? 

No, sainyor, no lo tain- 
go- 

i Kwal papa.il teeainy 
oostaid ? 

Taingo ell pap ail bwai- 
no. 

i Kwal pair-ro teeainy 
oostaid ? 

Taingo me bwain pairro. 

Day. 

Ell pan-yu-ailo day al- 
godon. 

Ell sombrairo day pah- 
pail. 

Ell kwairo. 

El thahpahto day 
kwairo: 

I Kwal pan-yu-ailo tee- 
ainy oostaid ? 

Taingo soo pan-yu-ai- 
lo. 

i Kwal sombrairo teeai- 
ny oostaid ? 

Taingo me sombrairo 
de pahpail. 

I Teeainy V. me thah- 
pahto de kwairo ? 

No, sainyor, no lo tain- 
go. 



24 SECOND LESSON. 

(1.) It, when placed before a verb is rendered by 41, ella or ello, ac- 
cording to the gender of the noun it refers to. Those cases will be 
found explained in their proper place (Lesson XXVI). For our pur- 
pose, in this lesson, we only have to say that when It is used after the 
verb it is translated by lo or la — by lo when it refers to a noun whose 
gender is doubtful or not mentioned, and also, when it refers to a mas- 
culine noun whenever the action of the verb falls and remains in the 
subject itself, and it is not an objective case; for then. If must be 
rendered by le (referring to a masculine noun). Example — i Ha pu~ 
blicado V. ya su libro 1 — Have you already published your book ? No 
lo he publicado todavia ; porque tengo que anadirhiz antes un capitulo. 
— I have not published it yet ; because I have to add before a chapter 
to it. Finally, It is rendered by la when it refers to a feminine noun. 

i^ 3 Lo, le or la is generally placed before the verb, except when it 
is used in the infinitive, present participle, or imperative. 
. (2.) Double rr in Spanish is pronounced a little stronger than the r 
in English at the beginning of a word, thus : in similar words as perro 
(dog) guerra, (war), &c, the rr must be pronounced a little stronger 
than the r in the English words rich, right. 

(3.) When a verb is used negatively no is placed before it. 

(4.) Adjectives are generally used in Spanish after the substantive ; 
however, the Spaniards like the French consult taste and harmony in its 
collocation. Hermoso, Undo, and all those adjectives which denote 
excellence or superiority, are sometimes elegantly placed before the 
substantive, especially when used with any of the possessive pronouns. 

(5) The adjectives bueno, good ; malo, bad ; uno, a or an ; alguno, 
some; ninguno, none; primero. first; tercero, third ; and postrero, last, 
lose the final o when followed by a masculine noun in the singular, for 
the sake of euphony. 

(6) The preposition de is always put between the name of the thing 
and the name of the substance of which it is made. 



EXERCISE No. 2. 

Have you my fine horse ?— Yes., Sir, I have it.— Have you my old 
shoe ? — No, Sir, I have it* not. — Which dog have you ? — I have my 
pretty dog. — Have you my bad paper ? — No, Sir, I have it not. — Have 
you my good looking-glass ? — Yes, Sir, I have it.— Have you my ugly 
fan ?— No, Sir, I have it not. — Which fan have you ? — I have your 
fine fan. — W T hich handkerchief have you ? — I have the cotton hand- 
kerchief. — Have you my cotton handkerchief ? — 1 have not your cot- 
ton handkerchief.— Which hat have you ?— I have the paper hat. — 
Have you my paper hat ? — No, Sir, I have it not.— Have you the old 
bread ? — I have not the old bread ? — Which shoe have you ? — 1 have 
my fine leather shoe. — What soap have you ? — I have my old soap. — 
Which sugar have you ? — I have your good sugar. — Which looking- 
glass have you ? — I have my old looking glass. — Have you my fine 
fan ? — No, Sir, I have it not. — Have you the exercise number two ? 
(Ejercicio numero dos.) — Yes, Sir, I have it. 



THIRD LESSON. 



25 



ADDITION TO THE SECOND LESSON. 

THE USUAL FORMS OP SALUTATION, ETC. 



ENGLISH. 

Good morning or good 

day, Sir. 
Good afternoon or good 

evening (only till 

dark), Madam. 
Good night, Miss. 

How do you do % 
Very well, and you % 

Very well, at your ser- 
vice. 

Good bye, 

Until to morrow. 

Until day after to mor- 
row. 



SPANISH. 

Buenos dias,(a) S*enor. 
Buenas tardes Senora. 



Buenas noches, Sefiori- 

ta. 
I Como lo pasa V. 1 
Muy bien, i y V. 1 

Sin novedad, para ser- 

vir a V.(b) 
A Dios. 

Hasta manana. 
Hasta pasado manana. 



PRONUNCIATION. 

B wain os dee-as, Sain- 

yor. 
Bwainas tardes sain- 

yora. 

Bwainas noches, Sain- 

yoreeta. 
Como lo pasa oostaid 1 
Moo-e bee-ain, e oos- 

_ tkidl 
Sin novaidad, para ser- 

vir ah oostaid. 
Ah Dee-6s. 
Asta man-yana. 
Asta pasado man-yana. 



{a) In Spanish we never say u good morning," but "good day," 
buenos diets, in the plural. 

(b) Para servir a V., — it is used also as an equivalent of the Eng- 
lish expression "You are welcome " to answer any person who 
thanks us 



EXERCISE No. 3. 

How do you do, Sir ? — Very well, and you ? — Very well, at your 
service.— Good evening, Miss. — Good evening, Sir. — Good bye, Sir, 
until day after to-morrow — perhaps (tal vez or quizd) to-morrow. — I 
will be very happy to see you {me alegrari mucho de ver a Vd.) 
Thanks (Graciai 



Third lesson. 



THIRD LESSON. 

Leccion tercera. Lectheeon tairthdirah. 



Somethi?ig, anything. Algo. 
Have you anything ? Tiene Vd. algo ? 
I have something. Tengo algo. 

2 



Algo. 

Teeainy oostaid algo. 

Taingo algo. 



20 



THIRD LESSON- 



ENGLISH. 
JVolhing, not anything. 

The wine. 
My money. 
The gold 
The string. 
The gold string. 
The button. 
The coffee. 
The chees-e. 
The vest. 
The copper. 
The candlestick. 
The copper candle- 
stick. 

Are you hungry ? 

I am hungry. 
1 am not hungry. 
Are you thirsty ? ^ 
I am thirsty. 
I am not thirsty. 
Are you sleepy ? 

I am sleepy. 
I am not sleepy. 
Are you warm 1 
I am warm, 
I am not warm. 
Are you cold ? 
I am cold. 
I am not cold. 
Are you afraid ? 

I am afraid. 
I am not afraid. 
Are you ashamed ? 

I am ashamed. 
I am not ashamed. 



SPANISH. 

JVo— nada.{?) 

El vino. 

Mi dinero. 

El oro. 

El cordon. ( 2 ) 

El cordon de oro. 

El boton. 

El cafe. 

El queso. 

El chaleco. 

El cobre. 

El candelero. 

El candelero de cobre. 



f Tiene Vd. hambre ? 

„ Tengo hambre. 
,, No tengo hambre. 
,, Tiene Vd. sed? 
,, Tengo sed. 
,, No tengo sed. 
„ Tiene Vd. sueno ? 

„ Tengo sueno. 
,, No tengo sueno. 
„ Tiene Vd. calor? 
,, Tengo calor. 
„ No tengo calor 
„ Tiene Vd. frio ? 
., Tengo frio. 
,, No tengo frio. 
„ Tiene Vd. miedo 1 

„ Tengo miedo. 

„ No tengo miedo. 

,, Tiene V. vergiienza ? 

,, Tengo vergiienza. 
No tengo vergiienza. 



PRONURCUTIOH 

JVo — nddah. 

Ell veeno. 
Me deenairo. 
Ell oro. 
Ell kordon. 
Ell kordon day oro. 
Ell boton. 
Ell kahfay. 
Ell kaiso. 
Ell chalaico. 
Ell kobray. 
Ell kandailairo. 
Ell kandailairo day ko- 
bray. 

Teeainy oostaid arn- 
bray ? 

Taingo ambray. 

No taingo ambray. 

Teeainy oostaid said ? 

Taingo said. 

No taingo said/ 

Teeainy oostaid swai 
nio? 

Taingo swainio. 

No taingo swainio . 

Teeainy oostaid kalor':? 

Taingo kalor. 

No taingo kalor. 

Teeainy oostaid freeo? 

Taingo freeo. 

No taingo freo. 

Teeainy oostaid meeai- 
do? 

Taingo meeaido. 

No taingo meeaido. 

Teeainy oostaid vair- 
gooaintha. 

Taingo vairgooaintha. 

No taingo vairgooain- 
tha. 



(1.) Two negatives in Spanish, strengthen the negation j as No 
tengo nada, I have nothing. No he visto d nadie, I have seen no- 
body. H the negative adverb commences the sentence, the no then 
cannot be used ; as nada tengo, I have nothing — A nadie he visto, &c. 

(2.) String is cordon if it is made of silk, cotton, or any fine thread, 
but if it is made of hemp or hide, as those of musical instruments, 
&,c, it will be called cuerdxu 



I'HIRD LESSON. 



27 



EXERCISE No. 4 

Have you my good wine ? — I have it. — Have you the gold ? — 1 
have it not. — Have you the money ? — Yes, Sir, I have it. — Have you 
the gold horse ? — No, Sir, I have it not.' — Have you your copper can- 
dlestick ? — Yes, Sir, I have it. — Have you my old hat? — I have your 
old hat. — Have you your fine cheese ? — I have it— -Have you "your 
cotton vest? — Yes, Sir, I have my cotton vest. — Have you your gold 
hutton ? — J have it not, — Which horse have you ? — I have your good 
horse. — Which handkerchief have you ? — I have your fine cotton 
handkerchief. — Have you anything ? — I have something. I have 
good coffee, I have good sugar — Are you hungry ? — No, Sir, I am not 
hungry. — Are you thirsty ? — Yes, Sir, I am thirsty. — Are you sleepy ? 
No, Sir, I am not sleepy. — Are you cold? — Yes. Sir, I am cold.- — Are 
you not ashamed ? — No, Sir, I am not ashamed. — Are you warm ? — 
I am warm. — Are you not afraid ? — No, Sir, I am not afraid. — Have 
you the copper candlestick? — No, Sir, I have the fine gold candle- 
stick. — Which vest have you ? — 1 have your pretty cotton vest. — Have 
you your fine gold button ? — No, Sir, I have it not, I have my copper 
button. — Have you my paper hat? — Yes, Sir, I have it. — Have you 
my fine dog ? — 1 have not your old dog. — Have you my good wine ? — ■ 
No, Sir, I have not your good wine. 



ADDITION TO THE THIRD LESSON. 



ENGLISH. SPANISH. 

Will you favor me with duiere V. favorecerme 
your name % con su nombre % 



If you please. 

With much pleasure. 

I am very much obliged 
to you. 

Not at all. 

I present to you my best 
respects, Miss. 

I am your humble ser- 
vant, Sir. 



Si V. gusta. 
Con mucho gusto. 
Gluedo a V. muy agra- 

decido.(a) 
No hay de que. 
A los pies de V.(b) Se- 

norita. 
Beso a V. las manos(c) 

caballero. 



PRONUNCIATION. 

Kee-airay oostaid fah- 
voraittiairmay con 
soo nombray 7 

See oostaid goosta. 

Con moocho goosto. 

Kai-do ah oostaid moo-e 
ahgradaitheedo. 

No i day kay. 

Ah los pee-ais day oo- 
staid, sain-yorceta. 

Bai-so ah oostaid las 
manos kah-bal-yay- 



(a) If it is female must be agradecida, to agree in gender. 

(6) Literally translated, " I am at your feet." 

(c) Literal translation, "I kiss your hand," — Spaniards use also in 
their letters, as a polite expression, the following writing before the 
signature Que sus manos besa, (who kisses your hands) abbreviated 
thus : a. S. M. B. 



28 



FOURTH LESSON. 



EXERCISE No. 5. 

Good morning, Sir. — How do you do ? — Very well, Sir — and you ? 
— Very well, at your service. — Will you favor me with your name? 
— Yes, Sir, with much pleasure — I am much obliged to you, Sir. — Not 
at all. — Good bye, Sir, until to-morrow, or (6) day after to-morrow. — 
Good day, Sir. 



FOURTH LESSON. 



ENGLISH. 

Fourth Lesson. 



SPANISH. 

Leccion cuarta. 



PRONUNCIATION. 

Lectheeon kiodrta. 



That. 
That book. 



Aqucl. 
Aquel libro 



Ahkail. 
Ahkail leebro 



Of the, or from thee. 
Of the dog. 
Of the tailor. 
Of the baker. 
Of the neighbor. 



Del. 

Del perro. 
Del sastre. 
Del panadero 
Del vecino. 



Dell. 

Dell pa rro. 
Dell sastray. 
Dell panadairo, 
Dell vaitheeno. 



That, or the one 


El— 




Ell— 


The neighbor's, or ) 
that of the neighbor. > 


El del vecino. ^ 


\ 


Ell dell vaitheeno. 


The baker's, or, that > 
of the baker. 5 


El del panadero 


\ 


Ell dell panadairo. 


The dog's, or, that of ) 
the dog. \ 


El del perro. 




Ell dell pair-ro. 



Or. 

Have you my book, or, 
the neighbor's. 



o.O) 

l Tiene Vd. mi libro, 6 
el del vecino ? 



Teeainy oostaid me le- 
bro, 6 ell dell vaithee- 



I have the neighbor's. Tengo el del vecino. Taingo ell dell vaithee- 



Have you my bread, or, 
that of the baker ? 
I have yours. 
I have not the baker's. 



Mine, or my ow 
Of, or from mine 
Yours. 



I Tiene Vd. mi pan, 6 el 
del panadero. 

Tengo el de Vd. 

No tengo el del pana- 
dero. 



Teeainy oostaid me pan, 
6 ell dell panadairo ? 

Taingo ell day oostaid. 

No taingo ell dell pa- 
nadairo. 



{Nominative) El mio. Ell meeo. 

{Possessive) Del mio. Dell meeo. 

{JYominat.) El Suyo( a ) Ell Sooyo, {or ell day 
{or el de Vd.) oostaid.) 



FOURTH LESSON. 



29 



ENGLISH. 

Of, or from your«. 



The man. 

The man's friend. 

Of the friend. 
That of the friend. 
The stick. 
The thimble. 
The coal 
My brother. 



SPANISH. PRONUNCIATION. 

(Possessive) Del Suyo, Ell Sooyo, (or dell day 



(or del de Vd.) 



El. hombre. 

El amigo del hombre. 

Del amigo. 
El del amigo. 
El baston. 
El dedal. 
El carbon. 
Mi hermano. 



My brother's, or that of El de mi hermano. 

my brother. 

Your friend's, or that of El de su amigo, or 

your friend. del amigo de Vd. 



Vd.) 

Ell ombray. 
Ell ameego dell om- 
bray. 
Dell ameego. 
Ell dell ameego. 
Ell baston. 
El daydal. 
Ell karbon. 
Me airmano. 
Ell day me airmano. 

Ell day soo &me&g&?-m — """ 
ell dell ameego day 
oostaid. 



(1.) Conjunctions used for the sake of euphony. 
A u is used instead of 6, when the word begins with o or ho, as 
Ver u oir. To see or to hear. 
Siete u ocho. Seven or eight. 
Mujer u hombre. Woman or man. 
An £ is used instead of ?/,when the word following the conjunction 
begins with i or hi, as 

Escribir e imprimir. To write and to print. 
Padre e hijo. Father and son. 
But if the conjunction y is followed by a word beginning with hie, 
it is retained, as 

Cobre y hierro. Copper and iron. 
Destrosa y hiere. It destroys and wounds. 
Because then the word does not begin properly speaking, with an i, 
but y, as hierro, and hiere are pronounced the same as if written yerro, 
yere, and for this reason many indiscriminately write yelo or hielo, ice, 
and yerba or hierba, herb. 

(2.) El suyo is the pronoun now in use in good society instead 
of el vuestro, though the former is defective, since it means —yours, 
his, hers, theirs ; so then, whenever there may be doubt as to the 
person to whom we allude, el de Vd. (yours), — el de SI, (his), el de ella, 
(hers), el de ellos, or ellas (theirs), is used instead of el suyo. — The 
same observation is applied to su which means — your, his, her, their. 



EXERCISE No. 6. 

Have you that book ?— No, Sir, I have it not.— Which book have 
you ?— I have that of the neighbor. — Have you my stick, or that of 



30 



FOURTH LESSON. 



my friend ? — T have that of your friend. — Have you my bread or the 
baker's ? — I have not yours ; I have the baker's. — Have you the neigh- 
bor's horse ? — No, Sir, I have it not. — Which horse have you ? — I 
have that of the baker. — Have you your thimble or the tailor's? — [ 
have my own. — Have you the pretty gold string of my dog ? — I have 
it not. — Have you my gold button or the tailor's ? — I have not yours ; 
I have the tailor's ?— Have you my brother's vest or yours ? — I have 
your brother's. — Which coffee have you ? — I have the neighbor's. — 
Have you your dog or the man'ij ? — I have the man's. — Have you your 
friend's money ? — I have it not. — Have you the exercise number four ? 
Yes, Sir, I have the exercise number four. 



EXERCISE No. 7. 

Are you cold or warm ? — I am warm. — Are you thirsty or hungry ? 
— I am hungry. — Are you ashamed or afraid ? — I am ashamed. — Have 
you my vest or the tailor's ? — I have the tailor's. — Have you my good 
candlestick or that of my neighbor ? — I have yours. — Have you your 
paper or mine ? — I have mine. — Have you your cheese or the baker's ? 
— I have my own. — Which vest have you ?— I have that of the tailor. 
— Which handkerchief have you? — 1 have my own. — Have you the 
old hat of my brother ? — I have it not — Which soap have you ? — I 
have my brother's good soap. — Have you my stick or that of my 
brother? — I have yours. — Which shoe have you ? — I have my friend's 
leather shoe. — Have you your cotton handkerchief or mine ? — i have 
not yours ; I have my own. — Have you any thing ? — I have nothing. 
— Have you your pretty dog ? — I have my friend's pretty dog. — Have 
you my pretty stick — 1 have not your stick ; I have my own. 

ADDITION TO THE FOURTH LESSON. 



ENGLISH. SPANISH. 

Walk in. Adelante. 

Be pleased to walk in. Sirvase V. pasar ade- 



Will you sit down. 



lante. 
Q.uiere V. sentarse % 



Excuse me a moment. Dispenseme V. un mo- 
rn ento. 
You are quite a stran- No hay quien vea a 
ger. V. 

I am constantly busy. Estoy constantemente 
ocupado (or ocupada 
if it is female.) 



PRONUNCIATION. 

Adai-lantay. 

Sirvase oostaid pasar 

adailantay. 
Kee-airay oostaid sain- 

tarsay 1 
Dispensaimay oostaid 

un momenta. 
No i kee-ain vai-ah ah 

oostaid. 

Esto-e constantaimen- 
tay ckoopado. 



FIFTH LESSON. 



31 



EXERCISE No. 

I present to you my best respects, Miss. — How do you do, Sit ' 
— Very well, at your service. — You are quite a stranger. — Will you 
walk in ? — Yes, Miss, with much pleasure. — Be pleased to sit down, 
if you please ; — and excuse me a moment. — How is your friend ? — 
Como lo pasa su amigo de V. ? (fern, amiga). — Very well, I thank you 
(Gracias.) — Is he (estd 61) so busy as (tan ocupado como) you ? — By no 
means (De ningun modo). — He is always in company with ladies. 
— El anda siempre en sociedad de senoras. 



FIFTH LESSON. 



Fifth lesson. 

The merchant. 
The^ shoemaker. 
The boy. 
The pencil. 
The chocolate. 
The cloth. 



Lection quint a. 

El comerciante. 
El zapatero. 
El muchacho. 
El lapiz. 
El chocolate. 
El paiio. 



To have, to hold, to pos- Tener. 

sess (an auxiliary and 

active verb). 
To have>. (an auxiliary Haber. 

verb). 

Obs. A. — Haber (to have) is an a;--\- : 
it is generally used before a Past Parti . 
and active verb. As an auxiliary it * sel 
denotes possession and must always re 
Aaue,when it is not auxiliary. We sa\ , 'i 
the book, but we must say, ten go un iihr 
the first example the verb to have is auxii 



PRONUNCIATION. 

Lectheeon keenta. 

Ell comaircheeante. 
Ell thahpahtairo. 
Ell moochacho. 
Ell lahpeeth. 
Ell chocolahty. 
Ell pan-yo. 

Tai-nair. 



in the second it is active and denotes possession 



Ahbair. 

ary verb, and, consequently 
Tener is an auxiliary 
luc ,i used ; as an active it 
:se i o translate the verb to 
'iz letdu c rbro. I have read 
r, i have a ^ook s because in 
to the veib to read, and 



I have. 
You have. 
He has. 

To receive. 

(Past Part.) Received. 
Have you received the 
pencil ? 
I have not received it. 



Yohe. 
Vd. ha. 
El ha. 



Recibir. 
Recibido. 

Ha recibido Vd. el la- 
piz? 
No lo he recibido. 



Yo eh. 
Oostai.lah. 

Ell ah. 

Rai-thee-beer. 

Rai-thee-bee-do. 

Ah raitheebeedo Vd.eil 

lahpeeth 1 
No lo eh raitheebeedo. 



32 



FIFTH LESSON. 



Obs. B. — When the auxiliary verb haber is used in the indicative 
present, the past participle must always be placed immediately after 
the auxiliary, if the verb is used interrogatively, except the first person 
plural, which may be used as in English, consequently, it is not proper 
to say in Spanish, Ha Vd. recibido ? but, Ha recibido Vd. ? (Have re- 
ceived you ?) The scholar will be pleased to remember that this Obs. 
is applicable only to the preceding tense. 



ENGLISH. 

Has the merchant re- 
ceived his stick, or 
yours ? 

Neither. 

No. 

The merchant has re- 
ceived neither his stick 
nor mine. 

Are you hungry, or 

thirsty ? 
I am neither hungry, 

nor thirsty. 
Are you warm, or cold ? 

I am neither warm nor 

cold. 
Have you received the 

wine or the bread? 

The cork. 
The corkscrew. 
The hammer. 
Of the carpenter. 
The iron. 
The nail. 

The iron nail. 
The Frenchman. 
The Spaniard. 
The Englishman. 
The umbrella. 

What have you, or ") 
What is the matter > 

with you ? 5 

Nothing. 

I have nothing, or } 
Nothing is the matter > 

with me. } 

Is anything the matter 

with you ? 
Nothing is the mfctter 

with me, 



SPANISH. 

Ha recibido el comer- 

ciante su baston 6 el 

de Vd. ? 
No — ni. 
JYo. 
El comerciante no ha 

recibido ni su baston 

m el mio. 

f Tiene Vd. hambre 6 

sed ? 
„ No tengo ni hambre 

ni sed. 
„ Tiene Vd. calor 6 

frio ? 
,, No tengo ni calor ni 

frio. 
Ha recibido Vd. el vino 

6 el pan ? 

El corcho. 
El tirabuzon. 
El martillo. 
Del carpintero. 
El hierro or fierro. 
El clavo. 

El clavo de hierro. 
El Frances. 
El Espanol. 
El Ingles. 
El paraguas. 

f Que tiene Vd.? > 

No — nada. 

f No tengo nada (see f 
note 1, 3d lesson.) i 

„ Tiene Vd. algo ? 
„ No tengo nada. 



PRONUNCIATION. 

Ah raitheebeedo ell co- 
mairtheeanty soo bas- 
ton 6 ell day Vd.? 

No — nee. 

No. 

Ell comairtheeanty no 
ah raitheebeedo nee 
soo baston nee ell 
me-o. 

Teeainy oostaid ambray 
6 said? 

No taingo nee ambray 
nee said. 

Teeainy Vd. kahlor 6 
freeo 1 

No taingo nee kalor nee 
freeo. 

Ah raitheebeedo oos- 
taid ell veeno 6 ell 
pan? 

Ell korcho. 

Ell teerahboothon 

Ell marteel-yo. » 

Dell karpeentairo. 

Ell eeair-ro, or feeair- 
ro. 

Ell clah-vo. 

Ell clah-vo de eeair-ro. 

Ell Franthais. 

EH Espan-yol. 

Ell Eenglais. 

Ell parahgwas. 



Kay teeainy oostaid. 
No — nada. 
No taingo nada. 
Teeainy oostaid algo r i 
No taingo nada. 



FIFTH LESSON. 33 



EXERCISE No. 9. 



I am neither hungry nor thirsty. — Have you received my shoe or the 
shoemaker's ? — I have received neither yours nor the shoemaker's. — 
Have you your pencil or the boy's. — I have neither mine nor the 
boy's. — Which pencil have you received? — I have received that of 
the merchant. — Have you my chocolate or that of the merchant ? — I 
have neither yours nor the merchant's; I have my own. — Have you 
received the coffee or the wine ? — I have received neither the coffee 
nor the wine. — Have you your thimble or the tailor's ? — I have neither 
mine nor the tailor's. — Have you received your corkscrew or mine ? — 
I have received neither yours nor mine ; I have received the copper 
nail." — Ave you warm or cold ?— 1 am neither warm nor cold ; 1 am 
sleepy.' — Are you afraid ? — I am not afraid. — Have you received my 
hammer or the carpenter's ? — I have received neither yours nor the 
carpenter's. — Which nail have you ? — I have the iron nail. — Which 
hammer have you received ? -1 have received the iron hammer of the 
carpenter. — Have you any thing ? — I have something. — What have 
you ? — I have the Frenchman's fine umbrella. — Have you received the 
cotton handkerchief of the Englishman ? — No, sir, I have received 
the fine handkerchief of the Spaniard. 

EXERCISE No. 10. 

Have you my umbrella or yours ? — I have neither yours nor mine. 
—-Which stick have you received ? — I have received my friend's. — 
Have you received my cotton vest, or that of my brother ? — I have 
received neither yours nor your brother's.— Which string have you ? 
— I have my neighbor's cotton string. — Have you received the book 
of the Frenchman or that of the merchant ? — I have received neither 
the Frenchman's nor that of the merchant. — Which book have you 
received ? — I have received my own. — What is the matter with you ? 
— Nothing. — Is anything the matter with you ? — Nothing is the mat- 
ter with me. — Are you cold ? — I am not cold, I am w T arm. — Have you 
received anything ? — I have received nothing. — Have you nol received 
your exercise? — Yes, Sir, I have received my exercise. — Which exer- 
cise have you ? — I have the exercise number seven. The Frenchman 
has the exercise number eight. 

ADDITION TO THE FIFTH LESSON 

ENGLISH. SPANISH. PRONUNCIATION. 

What is the best news due nos dice V. de Kay nos deethay oos- 

with you. nuevo 1 taid day nooaivo 1 

Nothing particular. Nada particular. Nahda parteekoolar. 

What is that 1 Q,ue es eso 1 Kay es eso 1 

Are you in a hurry 1 Esta V. de priesa 1 ? E st a oostaid day pree- 

aisa 1 



34 



SIXTH LESSON. 



ENGLISH. 

I am not in a hurry, 
Are you ready 1 
I am ready. 

I am very glad to see Me "alegro 
you. ver a V. 



SPANISH. PRONUNCIATION. 

No esto-e day preeaisa. 
Esta oostaid leesto. 
Esto-e leesto, 
de May alaigro moocho 
day vair ah oostaid. 



No estoy de priesa. 
Esta V, listo % 
Estoy listo, 

mucho 



EXERCISE No. 11. 

Walk in. — Good evening. — How do you do? — I am very glad to 
see you. — You are quite a stranger. — Be pleased to take a seat. — 
What is the best news. — Nothing particular, — Are you ready. — Not 
yet {todavia). — Excuse me a moment, if you please. — Certainly (segu- 
ramente) with much pleasure, — Are you in a hurry ? — No, Sir, 1 am 
not in a hurry. — I shall have the pleasure to wait on you in a mo- 
meat. ( Tetulri el gusto de esiar a sus &rdenes en un memento.) — Thank 
you, Sir. 



Sixth lesson. 

The thread. 
The fork 
The biscuit 
Of the captam, 
Of the cook. 
The fish. 



SIXTH LESSON. 

Leccion sesta. 

El hilo. 

El tenedor. 
El bizcocho. 
Del capitam 
Del cocinero. 

El pescado. 



Lectheeon saisia. 

Ell eelo. 

Ell tainaidor. 
Ell beeth-cocho. 
Dail kahpeetan. 
Dail kotheenairo. 
Ell paiskado. 



Obs. A. — Fish is called pescado when it is caught, and 
it is in the water. 



\ez when 



Have I ? 

You have. 
You have not. 
Am 1 right ? 



Tengo yo ? 

Vd. tiene. 

Vd. no tiene. 

f Tengo yo razon ? 



Taingo yo 1 
Oostaid teeainy. 
Oostaid no teeainy. 
Taingo yo rahthon % 



Obs. B. — Spaniards generally dispense with the use of the per- 
sonal pronouns (with the exception of Vd.) in speaking as well as in 
writing, except when the verb is used interrogatively, speaking em- 
phatically, or in degree of comparison — as, Tengo yo ? — (Have I ?) — 
or, Yo tengo unperro y il tiene un caballo. — (I have a dog and he has 
a horse). 

Is the man right ? f Tiene el hombre ra- Teeainy ell ombray 

zon ? rahthon ? 

He is not right. t El no tiene razon. Ell no teeainy rahthon. 



SIXTH LESSON. 



35 



ENGLISH. 

You are right. 
You are not right. 

Have you received the 
nail ? 

Yes, sir, I have receiv- 
ed it. 

I have not received it. 

Have you received any- 
thing ? 

I have received nothing 

What have I received ? 

You have received your 
money. 

Have you the carpen- 
ter's hammer ? 

Yes, sir, I have it. 

Have you it ? 

No, sir, I, have it not. 

Have I it ? 
The mutton. 
The knife. 

Which one ? 

That of the carpenter, 

or the carpenter's. 
That of the cook, or the 

cook's. 
The fine one. 
The ugly one. 
The new one. 
Have you your knife, 

or mine ? 

I have neither yours 

nor mine. 
Have you received your 

umbrella, or mine ? 

I have received neither 
yours, nor mine. 

The French General. 

The Spanish lawyer. 

The English ship. 
The American physici- 



spanish. 
t Vd.tiene razon. 

„ Vd. no tiene razon. 

Ha recibido Vd. el cla- 

vo ? 

Si, senor, lo he recibi- 
do. 

No lo he recibido. 

Ha recibido Vd. algo ? 

No he recibido nada. 

Que he recibido yo ? 
Vd. ha recibido su di- 

nero. 
Tiene Vd. el martillo 

del carpintero 1 

Si, senor, lo tengo. 

Lo tiene Vd.'* 

No, senor, no lo tengo. 

Lo tengo yo 1 
El carnero, 
El cuchillo. 



Cudl? 

El del carpintero. 

El del cocinero. 

El hermoso. 
El feo. 
El nuevo. 

Tiene Vd. su cuchillo 
6 el mio 1 

No tengo ni el suyo ni 

el mio. 
Ha recibido Vd. su pa- 

raguas 6 el mio ? 

No he recibido ni el su- 
yo ni el mio. 



El Jeneral Frances. 

El abogado Espanol. 

El buque Ingl6s. 

El medico Americano, 



PRONUNCIATION. 

Oostaid teeainy rah 
thon. 

Oostaid no teeainy rah- 
thon. 

Ah raitheebeedo oos- 
taid ell clah-vo. 

See, sainnior, lo eh rai- 
theebeedo. 

No lo eh raitheebeedo. 

Ah raitheebeedo oos- 
taid algo. 

No eh raitheebeedo 
nada. 

Kay eh raitheebeedo yo. 

Vd.ah raitheebeedo soo 
deenairo. 

Teeainy oostaid ell mar- 
teel-yo dell karpeen- 
tairo. 

See, sainnior, lo taingo. 

Lo teeainy Vd. 

No, sainnior, no lo tain- 

Lo taingo yo. 
Ell karnairo. 
Ell koocheel-yo. 

Kwal ? 

Ell dell karpeentairo. 

Ell dell kotheenairo. 

Ell airmoso. 

Ell fai-o. 

Ell nwaivo. 

Teeainy oostaid soo 
koocheel-yo 6 ell 
mee-o. 

No taingo nee ell sooyo 
nee ell mee-o. 

Ah raitheebeedo oos- 
taid soo parahgwas 6 
ell mee-o. 

No he raitheebeedo nee 
ell suyo nee ell mee-o. 

Ell hai-nai-ral Fran- 

thais. 
Ell ah-bo-gah-do Ais- 

pan-yol. 
Ell boo-kay Eenglais. 
Ell mai-dee-co Amai- 

ree-kah-no. 



36 SIXTH LESSOI\„ 



EXERCISE No, 12, 



Have you received your English dog ?— No, Sir, I have not re- 
ceived it. — Has the English captain his dog ? — He has it. — Have you 
my American hat ? — Yes, Sir, I have it. — Has the French general re- 
ceived his corkscrew ? — He has not received it. — Has he his cork ? — 
No, Sir, he has mine. — Is the Spanish general right or not ? — He is not 
right ; he is afraid and ashamed.— Has the American cook my new 
leather shoe ? — He has it, — Have I your French chocolate ? — You 
have it not — you have your own. — Has the Spanish captain received 
his fine English horse ? — He has not received his English horse, he 
has received his beautiful American gold string. — Has the American 
general the French ship ? — He has the English ship. — Has the baker 
my bread or that of my friend ? — He has yours. — Has he not my 
friend's? — No, Sir, he has it not. — Has the French tailor my vest? — 
He has not yours ; he has mine. — Have you received your good old 
wine ? — No, Sir, I have not received it. — Has my boy your knife ? — He 
has it not. — Have you my cotton handkerchief ? — I have not yours ; 
I have mine, — Have you my friend's new umbrella? — No, Sir, I have 
not your friend's umbrella ; I have my own. — Has your cook my 
chocolate, or that of the merchant ? — He has neither yours nor the 
merchant's. — Have you received my pencil ?— Which one ? — The gold 
one. — Yes, Sir, I have received your fine gold pencil. — Have you your 
biscuit or mine ? — I have neither yours nor mine. — Which have you ? 
I have that of my brother. — Have I your thimble or that of the tailor ? 
— You have neither mine nor that of the tailor. — Which one have I ? 
— You have your friend's. — Have you my iron ship ? — I have it not. — 
Have I your mutton or the cook's ? —You have neither mine nor the 
cook's. — Have I received your fine knife ? — You have received it not. 
— Have you received it ? — I have received it. — Which handkerchief 
have, I? — You have the fine cotton handkerchief of my brother — 
Which exercise have you received ? — I have received the exercise 
number eight. 

EXERCISE No. 13. 

Am I right? — You are right. — Is my friend, the French captain, cold 
or warm ?--He is neither cold nor warm — he is sleepy. — Is the En- 
glish boy afraid ? — The English boy is not afraid. — Is he ashamed ? — 
Yes, Sir, he is ashamed. — Have I good coffee or good sugar ?— You 
have neither good coffee nor good sugar. — What have I ? — You have 
nothing.— Have you my friend's fine ship ? — I have not his fine ship. 
— Which ship have you? — I have your pretty paper ship. — Which 
mutton have I received ? — You have received that of your cook. — 
Have I your corkscrew or the merchant's ? — You have neither mine 
nor the merchant's.— Which chocolate have you received ? — I have 
received that of the Frenchman.— Which shoe have you ? — I have 



SEVENTH LESSON. 37 

the shoemaker's leather shoe.— Which one have I ?— You haye that 
of the old baker. — Which one have you ? — I have that of my good 
neighbor. — What is the matter with you ?— I am afraid. — Have I any- 
thing ? — You have nothing. — Which exercise have you ? — 1 have the 
exercise number one. — Have you the exercise number two ?— I have 
neither the exercise number two nor the number three. — Which have 
you ? — I have number four. — Has your friend the exercise number five 
or six ? — He has neither the exercise number five nor the number six. 
— Which exercise has your brother ? — He has the exercise number 
eight. — Has the French boy the exercise number nine ? — Yes, Sir, he 
has it. 

ADDITION TO THE SIXTH LESSON. 



Bookkeeper. 

Cashier. 

In haste. 

Do not trouble yourself. 

It is not a trouble. 

I am sorry to trouble 

you. 
Not at all. 
When shall I have the 

pleasure to see you 

again? 



SPANISH. 

Tenedor de libros. 

Cajero. 

De priesa. 

No se moleste V. 

No es molestia. 
Siento molestar a V. 

De ningun modo. 
Cuando volvere a tener 
el placer de ver a V. ? 



PRONUNCIATION, 

Tainaidor day leebros. 

Kahairo. 

Day preeaisa. 

No say molaistay oos- 

taid. 
No es molaisteeah. 
See-ainto molaistar ah 

oostaid. 
Day neengoon modo. 
Kwando volvairay ah 

tain air ell plathair 

day vair ah oostaid 1 1 



EXERCISE No. 14.] 

I am sorry to trouble you for (por) a moment. — Not at all. — I am 
very glad to see you. — How have you been ? {Comb lo ha pasado Vd. ? 
— Very well, at your service. — When shall I have the pleasure to see 
you again. — Thank you, Sir, perhaps to-morrow I shall have myself 
lyo mismo) that (ese) pleasure. — I will be very happy to see you. — 
Is (esta) your bookkeeper busy ? — Is your cashier in a hurry for the 
money ? — By no means there is no hurry (No corre priesa). 



Seventh lesson. 

Who? 

Who has 1 

Who has the pencil % 



SEVENTH LESSON. 

Lection setima. Lectheeon sdi-teemah. 



Quien ? 
Quien tiene ? 
Quien tiene el lapiz ? 



Key -din ? 
Key-din teediny ? 
Key-ain teeainy ell lab- 
peeth 1 



3S 



SEVENTH LESSON. 



ENGLISH. 


SPANISH. 


PRONUNCIATION. 


The man has the pen- 


El hombie tiene el la- 


Ell ombray teeainy ell 


cil. 


piz. 


lah-peeth. 


Who has it 1 


Quien lo tiene ? 


Key-ain lo teeainy 1 


The boy has it. 


El muchacho lo tiene. 


Ell moochahcho lo tee- 
ainy. 


The boy has it not. 


El muchacho no lo 


Ell moochahcho no lo 




tiene. 


teeainy. 


The ox. 


El buey. 


Ell bwai-ee. 


The chicken. 


El polio. 


Ell pol-yo. 


The trunk. 


El baul. 


Ell bah-ool. 


The bag, the sack. 


El saco. 


Ell sah-co. 


The young man, youth. 


El joven. 


Ell ho-vain. 


He. 


JEl. 


Ell. 


Obs. A. — El (pronoun) always must be accented to distinguish it 


from El (article). 






He has. 


El tiene. 


Ell teeainy. 


He has the trunk. 


El tiene el baul. 


Ell teeainy ell bah-ool. 


He has it. 


El lo tiene. 


Ell lo teeainy. 


He has it not. 


El no lo tiene. 


Ell no lo teeainy. 


Has he 1 


Tiene el % 


Teeainy ell 1 


Has he the knife 1 


Tiene el el cuchillo 1 


Teeainy ell ell koo- 
cheel-yo 1 


To see. 


Ver. 


Vair. 


Seen. 


Visto. 


Veesto.. 


Have you seen your 


Ha visto Vd. su perro % 


Ah veesto oostaid soo 


dog? 




pairro 1 


I have not seen it. 


No lo he visto. 


No lo eh veesto. 


Have you seen my pa- 


Ha visto Vd. mi papel 1 


Ah veesto oostaid mee 


per 1 




pahpail 1 


No, sir, I have not seen 


No, senor, no lo he vis- 


No, sainnior, no lo eh 


it. 


to. 


veesto. 


Is the man hungry 1 


t Tiene el hombre 


Teeainy ell ombray am- 




hambre ? 


bray. 


Yes, Sir, he is. 


f Si, Senor, tiene. 


See. satn-nior teeainy. 


He is neither hungry 


tNo tiene ni hambre ni 


No teeainy nee ambray 


nor thirsty. 


sed. 


nee said. 


Is your brother warm or 


t Tiene su hermano ca- 


Teeainy soo airmahno 


cold? 


lor 6 frio. 


kahlor 6 freeo 1 


Is the young man right 


t Tiene el joven razon 


Teeainy ell hovain rah- 


or not 1 


6 no? 


thon 6 no ? 


Has the boy the bag of 


Tiene el muchacho el 


Teeainy ell moochah- 


the carpenter 1 


saco del carpintero 1 


cho ell sahco dell 
karpeentairo. 


Has the baker it % 


Lo tiene el panadero ? 


Lo teeainy ell pahnah- 

dairo 1 
Kay teeainy me amee- 


What has my friend 1 


due tiene mi amigo ? 


The gilliflower. 


El aleli. 


EU ah-lai-lee. 


The rice. 


El arroz. 


Ell ar-roth. 


The countryman. 


El paisano. 


Ell pah-ee-sah-no. 



SEVENTH LESSON. 



39 



The peasant. 
The servant. 

His or her shoe. 
His or her dog. 
His or her foot. 
His or her sofa. 
His or her tissue. 
His or hers 1 (absolute 
His own, > possess. 

her own ) pronoun) 
Has the servant his 

trunk or mine 1 
He has his own. 

Somebody, or anybody. 

Some one or any one 

(indefinite pronoun). 

Has anybody my book 1 

Somebody has it. 
Who has my stick 1 

Nobody. 
No one. 
Nobody has your stick. 



El campesino. 
El criado. 



Su zapato 
Su perro. 
Su pie. 
Su sofa. 
Su tisii. 

El suyo (see observa- 
tion fourth lesson). 

Tiene el criado su baul 

6 el mio. 
Tiene el suyo. 



Alguien^ 1 ) 
Alguno. 

Tiene alguien mi libro. 

Alguien lo tiene. 
Gluien tiene mi baston 1 

Nadie.( 2 ) 
Ninguno. 
Nadie tiene su baston. 



PRONUNCIATION. 

Ell kampayseeno. 
Ell cree-ahdo. 

Soo thah-pah-to. 
Soo pairro. 
Soo pee-ai. 
Soo so-iah. 
Soo teesoo. 
Ell sooyo. 



Teeainy ell creeahdo soo 

bah-ool 6 ell mee-o. 
Teeainy ell sooyo. J 

Algey-ain. 
Algoono. 

Teeainy algey-ain me 
leebro. 

Algey-ain lo teeainy. 

Key-ain teeainy me bas- 
ton. 

Nah-deeay. 

Neen-goo-no. 

Nah-deeay teeainy soo 
baston. 

Nah-deeay lo teeainy. 

Neengoono lo teeainy. 



Nobody has it. Nadie lo tiene. 

No one has it. Ninguno lo tiene. 

(1) Alguien unlimitedly refers to any person whatsoever. Alguno 
limitedly refers to an indeterminate person, of a determinate number or 
class, as — " Si viene alguien a buscarme, di que no estoy en casa ; 
porque temo que ha de venir a hacerme una visita alguno de mis acree- 
dores ;" if anybody comes for me, say that I am not at home ; because 
I fear that some one of my creditors will make me a visit. This is the 
reason why is said, alguno de ellos, and not alguien de ellos — some 
one of them. 

(2.) The same acceptation in which alguien and alguno are used in 
an affirmative sense, nadie and ningwio are used in a negative sense : 
that is, nadie signifies unlimitedly all persons, without determining 
either class or number; ninguno signifies limitedly all persons who 
compose the class or number which is spoken of, as ; "Nadie es capaz 
de haceiio," nobody is capable to do it ; that is, there is not any person, 
of whatever class or number he may be, who can do it. " De los solda- 
dos que asaltaron la brecha, ninguno dejo de quedar muerto 6 herido ;" 
of the soldiers who stormed the breach, not one failed to remain dead 
or wounded ; that is, of the men who composed that determinate class 
or number, there was not one who was not either dead or wounded. 
This is the reason why is said ninguno de ellos, and not nadie de 
ellos, no one of them, 



40 SEVENTH LESSON, 



EXERCISE No. 15. 

Who has my trunk ?--The boy has it. — Has the man the chicken ? 
—He has it. — Who has my vest ?— The young man has it — Has the 
young man my ship ? — The young man has it not. — Who has it ? — 
The American captain has it. — What has the French cook received ? — 
He has received the chicken. — Has he received my good knife ? — He 
has not received it. — Who has received it ? — Nobody has received it. 
— Is the man right or not ?— He is not right.- — Have you seen the su- 
gar ? — No, Sir, I have not seen it. — Have you seen your old thread ? — 
Yes, Sir, I have seen it. — Which cloth have you seen ?— I have seen 
the fine one of my friend. — Who has seen my cloth ?— The Spanish 
servant has seen it. — Who has seen my horse ? — The countryman 
has seen it. — What has the young man seen ? — He has seen nothing, 
Has the cook the chicken or the rice ? — He has neither the chicken 
nor the rice. Who has my fork ? — The French boy has it. — Who 
has seen the countryman's umbrella? — The Spanish servant has seen 
it. — Has your servant my horse or yours ? — He has neither your 
horse nor mine ; he has that of the neighbor. — Who has the exercise 
number ten ? — I have it. — What exercise have you ? — I have the ex- 
ercise number ten. 

EXERCISE No. 16. 

Has any body my book ? — Nobody has it. — Has the countryman my 
hat ? — He has it not. — Has the tailor received my pretty vest ? — He 
has not received it. — What has he received ? — He has received no- 
thing. — Has the carpenter seen his hammer ? — He has not seen it. — 
Has he seen anything ? — He has seen something. — Has he my English 
dog or my Spanish horse ? — He has neither your English dog nor your 
Spanish horse. — Has he received my good American cheese or my 
good French wine ? — He has neither received your fine American 
cheese nor your good French wine ; he has received his pretty gold 
button. — Have I your bag or your friend's ? — You have neither mine 
nor my friend's ; you have your own. — Who has seen the country- 
man's ox ? — I have seen it. — Who is afraid ? — The tailor's boy is 
afraid. — What is the matter with him ? — Nothing. — Is he cold or 
hungry ? — He is neither cold nor hungry ; he is sleepy. — Has the 
young man his trunk ? — Yes, Sir, he has it. — Has the captain re- 
ceived his money ? — No, Sir, he has not received it. — Who has seen 
my bag ? — Nobody has seen it. — Have you the exercise number 
eleven ? — Yes, Sir, I have it. 

EXERCISE No. 17. 

Has the merchant my umbrella or his ? — He has neither yours nor 
his. — What gillyflower has he received. — He has received that of my 
brother.— Which thimble has the French tailor?— He has his own,— 



SEVENTH LESSON. 



41 



Has your brother received my good Spanish wine or the neighbor's ? 
— He has received neither yours nor the neighbor's. — Which wine has 
he received ? — He has received his own. — Has any body seen my gold 
string ? — Nobody has seen it. — Who has my copper candlestick ? — 
Your boy has it. — Has he received my paper hat ? — No, Sir, he has 
not received it. — Who has the Frenchman's ugly shoe? — The mer- 
chant has it.— Has he it ? — Yes, Sir, he has it. — Has your cook re- 
ceived his mutton? — He has received it. — Have you my bread or my 
cheese ? — I have neither your bread nor your cheese. — Have you my 
new umbrella? — I have it not; I have my own. — Have you the 
Spaniard's sofa or the Englishman's ? — T have neither the Spaniard's 
nor that of the Englishman ; I have my own. — Who has the French- 
man's ox ? — Nobody has it. — Who has the exercise number twelve ? — 
I have it not. — Who has it ? — My friend has it. — Have you the 
exercise number eleven ? — No, Sir, I have it not ; I have the exercise 
number ten. — Have you the exercise number twelve ? — Yes, Sir* 
you are right ; I have it. 



ADDITION TO THE SEVENTH LESSON 



ENGLISH. 

Sunday. 

Monday. 

Tuesday. 

Wednesday. 

Thursday. 

Friday. 

Saturday. 

On Sunday. 

On next Monaay, etc. 

What dav of the week 
is it 1 



SPANISH. 

Domingo. 

Liines. 

Martes. 

Miercoles 

Jueves. 

Viernes. 

Sabado. 

El Domingo. 

El Lunes proximo, etc. 

due dia de la semana 
es hoy 1 



PRONUNCIATION, i 

Domingo. 

Loonais. 

Martais. 

Mee-airkolais. 

Hoo-aivais. 

Vee-airnais. 

Sabado. 

Ell Domingo.'' 

Ell Loonais proximo, 

etc. 
Kay dee-ah day la sai- 
mahnah es 6-ee 1 



EXERCISE No. 18. 

When shall I have the pleasure to see you again ? — On Monday next s 
or perhaps before {antes) — I will be very happy to see you. — Thank 
you (Gracias.) — What day of the week is it? — To-day is (hoy es) 
Sunday. — To-day is Monday. — To-day is Tuesday. — To-day is 
Wednesday. — To-day is Thursday. — To-day is Friday. — To-day is 
Saturday. — On Sunday. — On Monday. — On Tuesday. — On Wednes- 
day — On Thursday. — On Friday. — On Saturday. — On Monday next, 
etc. 



42 



EIGHTH LESSON. 



Eighth Lesson* 

The sailor. 

His tree. 

His bird. 

His mattress. 

The stranger. 

The foreigner. 

The garden. 

His glove. ' 

This or that hay. ' 

This or that gentleman. 

This or that ass. 



This book. 
That book. 

Have you received this 
or that book 1 

I have received this one. 
I have not received that 

one. 
From my friend. 
From the ship. 



EIGHTH. LESSON. 

SPANISH. 

Leccion octava. 
El marinero. 
Su arbol. 
Su pajaro. 
Su colchon. 
El estranjero. 
El forastero. 
El jardin. 
Su guante. 
Este 6 aquel neno. 
Este 6 aquel caballero. 

Este 6 aquel asno or 
burro. 

Este librp. 
Aquel libro. 

Ha recibido Vd. este 
aquel libro 1 

He recibido este. 
No he recibido aquel. 

De mi amigo.J / 
Del buque. 



PRONUNCIATION. 

Lectheeon octdhvah. 

Ell mareenai-ro. 

Soo ar-bol. 

Soo pah-haro. 

Soo kol-chon. 

Ell estran-hairo. 

Ell forastai-ro. 

Ell har-deen. 

Soo gwanty. 

Esty o ah-kail eh-no. 

Esty o ah-kail kah-bal- 

yay-ro. 
Esty o ah-hail assno or 

boor-ro. 

Esty leebro. 

Ah-kail leebro. 

Ah raitheebee-do oos- 
taid esty o ah-kail 
leebro 1 

Eh raitheebee-do esty. 

No eh raitheebeedo ah- 
kail. 

Day me ameego. 

Dell boo-kay. 

Esty. 
Ah-kdil. 



This one. Este. 

That one. Aquel. (Ese.) Ah-kdil. (Esy.) 

Obs. A. — Este, designates the object near the person who speaks ; 
ese, the object distant from the person who speaks and near the person 
spoken to ; but aquel designates the object distant from both the per- 
son who speaks and that spoken to. 

Have I seen this one, He visto yo este 6 a- 
quel 1 
Vd. ha visto este, Vd 
no ha visto aquel. 



or that one 1 
You have seen this one ; 
you have not seen that 
one. 



Eh veesto yo esty o ah- 

kaiH 
Oostaid ah veesto esty 

oostaid no ah veesto 

ah-kail. 



Has the man seen this Ha visto el hombre este Ah veesto ell ombray 

one, or that one 1 6 aquel 1 esty o ah-kail 1 

But. Pero — sino. Pedro — seeno. 

Obs. B. — The conjunction but, not preceded by a negative, is ex- 
pressed by pero or mas; after a negative it is construed sino* 



* It is to be observed, that although sino is the most proper to be used 
after a negative, pero, or mas, is preferable when the verb is repeated ; as, 
" They did not go on Monday, but they went on Tuesday — Ellos no fneron 
el Liines, pero or mas fueron el Martes." 



EIGHTH LESSON. 



43 



ENGLISH SPANISH. 

He has [seen this one, El 'ha visto este, pero 

but not that one. no aquel. 

He has not seen this El no ha visto este, sino 

one, bat that one. aquel. 

The note, the billet, or El billete. 

the ticket. 

The corn. El grano. 

Have you received this Ha recibido Vd. este 

ticket or that one % billete 6 aquel 1 

I have not received this No he recibido este, sino 

one, but that one. aquel. 

I have received this one, He recibido este, pero 

but not that one. no aquel. 

Has the neighbor this Tien e el vecino este col- 
mattress, or that one 1 chon 6 aquel 1 

He has this one, but El tiene este, pero no 

not that one. aquel. 



That or which (relative 

pronoun). 
Have you the note that 

my brother has re- 
' ceived 1 

I have not the note that 
your brother has re- 
ceived 7 

Have you the horse 
that 1 have received 
from my friend 1 

I have the horse that 
you have received 
from your friend. 



Que, el cual. 

Tiene Vd. el billete que 
mi hermano ha reci- 
bido 1 

No tengo el billete que 
su hermano ha reci- 
bido. 

Tiene Vd. el caballo 
que he recibido de mi 
amigo 1 

Tengo el caballo que 
Vd. ha recibido de su 



That which, 

which. 
I have not the one which 

you have received. 
I have the one which 

he has received. 
Have I the glove which 

you have received 1 



the one El que. 



No tengo el que Vd. ha 
recibido. 

Tengo el que el ha re- 
cibido. 

Tengo yo el guante que 
Vd. ha recibido'? 



You hare not the one Vd. no tiene el que yo 
which I have re- he recibido. 
ceived 



PRONUNCIATION. 

Ell ah veesto esty, pairo 

no ah-kail. 
Ell no ah veesto esty 

see-no ah-kail. 
Ell bill-yai-ty. 

Ell grah-no. 

Ah raitheebeedo oostaid 

esty bill-yai-ty o ah- 

kaiH 
No eh raitheebeedo esty, 

see-no ah-kail. 
Eh raitheebeedo esty, 

pairo no ah-kail. 
Teeainy ell vai-thee-no 

esty "kol-chon 6 ah- 
kail 1 
Ell teeainy esty, pairo 

no ah-kail. 

Kay, ell kwal. 

Teeai-ny Vd. ell bill- 
yai-ty kay me air- 
mano ah raithee-bee- 
dp7 I 

No taingo ell bill-yai- 
ty kay soo airmano 
ah raitheebeedo. 

Teeainy oostaid ell kah- 
bal-yo kay eh raithee- 
beedo day me amee- 
go- 

Taingo ell kah-bal-yo 
kay oostaid ah rai- 
theebeedo day soo a- 
meego. 

Ell hay. 

No taingo ell kay oos- 
taid ah raitheebeedo. 

Taingo ell kay ell ah 
raitheebeedo. 

Taingo yo ell gwanty 
kay oostaid ah rai- 
theebeedo 1 

Oostaid no teeainy ell 
kay yo eh raithee- 
beedo. 



44 



EIGHTH LESSON. 



ENGLISH. 
What. 

What a pity ! 
What a beautiful ass ! 
What a handsome dog ! 
What a beautiful boy ! 

What a shame ! 



PRONUNCIATION. 



Que. 

j due lastima ! 

i Glue hermoso asno ! 

i Glue lindo perro ! 



Kay. 

Kay las-teemah ! 
Kay airmoso assno ! 
Kay leendo pair-ro ! 



i Glue hermoso mucha- Kay airmoso moochah- 
cho ! cho ! 



j Glue vergiienza ! 



Kay vair-gwain-thah ! 



Obs. C. — The note of exclamation (!) inverted (;) is placed in Span- 
ish before the exclamation. It is the same with the interrogation note 
0) (?) 



RECAPITULATORY EXERCISES UPON THE PRECEDING RULES. 

EXERCISE No. 19. 

Which hay have you ? — I have that of the countryman. — Has the 
tailor received my new vest ? He has not received it. — Have you 
this fish or that one ? — I have this one. — Have you received the hay 
of the stranger ? — I have not received it. — Have you this mattress ? — 
I have it. — Which looking-glass have you ? — I have my own. — Who 
has received this note ? — This man has received it. — who has received 
that candlestick ? — Your friend has received it. — Have you received 
the corn of your garden or that of mine? — I have received neither 
that of your garden nor that of mine, but that of the merchant. — Who 
has my glove ? — That servant has it. — What has your servant ?— He 
has the tree of this garden. — Has the countryman this or that bird? — 
He has neither this nor that, but that which the boy has received. — 
Has this beautiful ass his hay or that of the old horse ? — He has nei- 
ther his nor that of the horse. — What gentleman has received my 
ticket ? — This gentleman has received your ticket, and your neighbor 
has received mine. — Have I your ticket or his ? — You have neither 
mine nor his, but that of your friend. — Have you this gentleman's cot- 
ton handkerchief? — I have not this gentleman's handkerchief. — Who 
has it? — Your brother has it? — Has the stranger received my bird or 
his own ? — He has received neither yours nor his; he has received' 
that of the captain. — Have you the tree of this garden ? — I have it not 
— Are you hungry or thirsty ? — No, Sir, I am sleepy. — Are you afraid 
or ashamed ? — I am afraid. — Are you cold or warm ? — I am cold. 



EXERCISE No. 20. 

What is the matter with the captain ? — What captain ? — The Spanish 
captain. — Nothing is the matter with him. — Who has his ship ? — The 
American captain has it. — Has the sailor received this or that bird ? — 
He has not received this bird but that one. — Has your servant that 
mattress or this one ? — He has this one, but not that one. — Has your 
cook received this chicken or that one ? — He has received neither this 
nor that one, but that of his neighbor. — Has the stranger his knife ? 



EIGHTH LESSON, 



45 



No, Sir, he has that of the French boy ? — Have you the note which 

my brother has received ?— I have it not. — Which ticket have you ? 
—I have my own. — Which thread have you ? — I have that which 
the tailor has received. — Have you the fine horse which my friend 
has received ? — I have not that which he has received, but the one 
which the Frenchman has received. — Which exercise have you?-^-I 
have the exercise number fourteen. 

EXERCISE No. 21. 

What a shame! — The English captain is afraid? — What is the 
matter with him ? — He is afraid and ashamed. — What a pity ! — Who 
has his ship ? — The French captain has it. — What is the matter with 
the Spanish general, is he cold or warm ? — He is warm. — What a 
beautiful dog! — Who has received this dog? — The American general 
has received it from his friend the Spanish captain — Have you re- 
ceived this cloth from the tailor ? — No, Sir, I have not received it 
from the tailor but from my friend the Frenchman. — What a beautiful 
ass ! — Who has received it ? — My cook has received it from his 
countryman the Spanish sailor. — Which bag has the young man ? — 
He has the one which my boy has received from you. — Have I your 
gold string ? — You have it not. — Have you my vest ? — I have it not. — 
Which one have you ? — I have that which my brother has received 
from the Englishman. — Are you cold ? — No, Sir, I am warm. — Has 
any body my umbrella ? — No body has it. — Ts any body afraid ? — No 
body is afraid, but my friend. — Is any body sleepy? — No body is 
sleepy ; but this gentleman. — Is that gentleman hungry ? — No, Sir, he 
is ashamed and sleepy. — Has that gentleman the exercise number 
thirteen or fourteen ? — He has neither the number thirteen nor the four- 
teen, but the number fifteen. — Who has the exercise number thirteen ? 
—This gentleman has it. — Am I right ? — Yes, Sir. You are right. 



ADDITION TO THE EIGHTH LESSON. 



ENGLISH. 

Who is there ? 

Who is it 7 

How are you % 

I am rather indisposed 1 

Has the steamer arriv- 
ed? 
It has just arrived. 
It brings bad news. 

I am very sorry. 
I am very glad. 



SPANISH. 

Gluien esta ahi 1 
Gtuien es 1 
Como esta Vd. 1 
Estoy algo indispues- 

to. 
Ha llegado el vapor 1 

\ Acaba de llegar. 
Trae malas noticias. 

J Lo siento mucho. 
t Me alegro mucho. 



PRONUNCIATION. 

Kei-ain esta ah-ee. 
Kei-ain es 1 
Como esta oostaid. 
Estoee algo indispo 

aisto. 
Ah lliai-gah-do ell va- 
por 1 
Ah-kah-ba day Uiai-gar. 
Try mahlas noteethee- 

as. 
Lo see-ainto moocho. 
May alaigro moocho. 



46 



NINTH LESSON. 



EXERCISE No. 22. 



Who is it ? — Who is there ? — Walk in. — How do you do ? — I am 
rather indisposed to-day. — How are you ? — Very well. — I thank. you. 
— Sit down {sientese F.)— What is the best news with you ? — -It is 
said that (se dice que) the steamer has arrived. — What news does it 
bring ? (Que noticias trae ?) — It is said that it brings very bad news. — 
I am very sorry. — I am very glad. 



NINTH LESSON, 

ENGLISH. SPANISH. PRONUNCIATION. 

Ninth lesson. Lection nona. Lectheeon nonah. 

DECLENSION OF THE DEFINITE MASCULINE ARTICLE IN THE PLURAL. 

Norn. the. Nominative) los. Nomeenahteevo, los. 

Poss. of or from the. Posesivo de los. Posaiseevo, day los. 

Obj. to the. Objetivo a los. Ob-haiteevo, ah los. 

Obs. A. — The articles like the pronouns, must agree with their sub- 
stantives and adjectives in Gender, Number, and Case. 

FORMATION OF THE PLURAL. 

1st Rule. — Nouns terminating with a vowel, not being an accented a 
or i, form the plural by adding an s to the singular.^) This rule, 
as well as the following, is not only applicable to nouns, but also to 
the article, to adjectives, and to many of the pronouns. — Ex. : 

The book, the books. El libro, los libros. EH leebro, los leebros. 

The £ood book, the good El libro bueno. los li- Ell leebro bwaino, los 

books. bros buenos. leebros bwainos. 

Of the book, vof the Del libro, de los libros. Dell leebro, day los lee- 
books, bros. 

The tissue, the tissues. El tisu, los ti sl ^ St Ell teesoo, los feesoos. 

The foot, the feet. El pie, ios pies. Ell peeai> l° s peeais. 

2d Rule. — When the noun terminates with y, an accented a or i, or 
a consonant, the plural is formed by adding es to the singular. — Ex. : 

The ox, the oxen. El buey, los bueyes Ell bwai-ee, los bwai- 

yes. 

The king, the kings. El rey, los reyes. Eil rai-ee, ios rai-yes. 

The bashaw, the ba- El baja, los bajaes, Ehbahah, los baha-ais. 
• shaws. 

The gillMower, the gil- El aleli, los alelias. Ell alai-lec, los alai- 

liflowers. leeais. 



NINTH LESSON. 



47 



ENGLISH. SPANISH. 

The wild boar, the wild El jabali, los jabalies. 

boars. 

The stick, the sticks. El baston, los bastones. 

The pencil, the pencils. El lapiz, los lapizes. 

The Spaniard,the Span- El Espanol, los Espa- 

iards. iioles. 



PRONUNCIATION. 

Ell habalee, los haba- 

leeais. 
Ell baston, los bastonais. 
Ell lah-peeth, los lah- 

peethais. 
Ell Espan-yol, los Es- 
pan-yoiais. 

3d Rule. — If the final consonant be an s preceded by a vowel, and 
the stress of the voice does not lie on the last syllable, no change takes 
place in the formation of the plural. — Ex : 
The extacy, the exta- El estasis, los estasis. 

cies. 
The parenthesis, the pa- Ell parentesis, los pa- 
rentheses. - rentesis. 
The crisis, the crises; *La crisis, las crisis. 



Ell estasis, los estasis. 



The Monday, the Mon- El Liines, los Lunes. 

days. 
The Tuesday, the Tues- El Martes, los Martes. 

days. 
The Wednesday, the El Miercoles, los Mier- 

Wednesdays. coles. 

The Thursday, the El Jueves, los Jueves.^ 

Thursdays. 
The Friday, the Fri- El Viernes, los Viernes. 

day; 



Ell paraintaisees, los pa- 

raintaisis. 
Lah ereesees, las cree- 

sees. 
Ell Loo-nais, los Loo- 

nais. 
Ell Martais, los Mar- 

tais. 
Ell Meeair-ko-lais, los 

Meeaircolais. 
EU Hoo-ai-vais, los 

Hooaivais. 
Ell Vee-air-nais, los 

Veeairnais. 



The same rule is applied to compound nouns of verb and sub- 
stantive. 

El paraguas, los para- 



The umbrella, the um- 
brellas. 

The penknife, the pen- 
knives. 

The lightning rod, the 
lightning rods. ' 

The boot-jack, jthe boot- 
jacks. 



My. 
Your. 



El cortaplumas, los cor- 
taplumas. 

El pararayos, los para- 
ray OS. 

El sacabotas, los saca- 
botas. 



Ell parah-gwas, los pa- 

rah-gwas. 
Ell cortah-ploomas, los 

cortaploomas. 
Ell parar-rah-yos, los 

parar-rah-yos. 
Ell sah-kahbolas, los 

sahkahbotas. 



His or her. 
Our. 



Their. 



Singular. Plural. _ Singoolar. Plural. 

Mi. Mis. Me. Mis. 

Su (see obs. Sus. Soo. Soos. 
? 4th lesson). 

Su. Sus. Soo. - Soos. 

Nuestro. Nues- Nooaistro. Nooais- 
tros. tros. 

Su. Sus. Soo. Soos. 



His or her books. Sus libros.(2) 

Our book, our books. Nuestro libro, nuestros 

libros. " 
Their book, their books. Su libro, sus libros. 



Soos leebros. 
Nooaistro leebro, no 

aistros leebros. 
Soo leebro, soos leebros, 



48 



NINTH LESSON. 



ENGLISH, SPANISH. 

Which book, which Cual libro, cuales li- 

books % bros 1 

Which one, which Cual, cuales ? 

ones'? 

This or that book. Este 6 aquel libro. 

These or those books. Estos 6 aquellos libros. 

This or that pencil. Este 6 aquel lapiz. 

These or those pencils 1 Estos 6 aquellos lapi- 
zes. 



Which horses have 

you.1 
I have the fine horses of 

your neighbors. 

Have I my pretty 
gloves 1 

You have not your pret- 
ty gloves; you have 
my old hats. _ 

Which gloves have 1 1 

You have the ugly 
gloves of your bro- 
thers. 

Have you the hammers 
of the carpenters 1 



Cuales caballos tiene 
V(U 

Tengo los hermosos ca- 
ballos de sus veoi- 
nos. 

Tengo yo mis guantes 
bonitos 1 

Vd. no tiene sus guan- 
tes bonifos ; Vd. tiene 
mis sombreros viejos. 

Cuales guantes tengo 

yol 
Vd. tiene los guantes 

feos de sus hermanos. 

Tiene Vd. los martillos 
de los carpinteros 1 



I have not their ham- No tengo sus martillos, 
mers, but their nails. sino sus clavos. 



Has your brother my 
gold tissues 1 

He has not your gold 
tissues. 

Which ones has he 1 

Have you the French- 
man's fine umbrellas 1 

I have not their fine um- 
brellas, but their so- 
fas. 

My gilliflowers. 

Their asses. 

Of my gardens. 

Have you the trees of 
my gardens 7 



Tiene su hermano mis 

_ tisus de oro ? 

El no tiene sus tisus 
de oro. 

Cuales tiene el 1 

Tiene Vd. los hermosos 
paraguas dell Fran- 
ces % 

No tengo sus hermosos 
paraguas, sino sus 
sofas. 

Mis alelies. 

Sus burros. 

De mis jardines. 

Tiene Vd. los arboles 
de mis jardines. 



I have not the trees of No tengo los arboles de 
your gardens. sus jardines. 



PRONUNCIATION. 

Kwal leebro, kwalais 

leebros 1 
Kwal, kwalais 1 

Esty o ahkail leebro. 
Estos o ahkail-yos lee- 
__ bros. 

Esty o ahkail lahpeeth. 

Estos o ahkail-yos lah- 

peethais. 

Kwalais kahbal-yos 

teeainy oostaid 1 
Taingo los airmosos 
kah-bal-yos day soos 
vai-thee-nos. 
Taingo yo mis gwan- 

tais boneetos. 
Vd. no teeainy soos 
gwantais boneetos ; 
Vd. teeainy mis som- 
brai-ros veeai-hos. 

Kwalais gwantais tain- 
go yo'? 

Oostaid teeainy los 
gwantais fai-os day 
soos airmanos. 

Teeainy oostaid los 
marteel-yos day los 
karpeentai-ros 1 

No taingo soos mar- 
teel-yos seeno soos 
clahvos. 

Teeainy soo airmano 
mis tissoos day oro 1 

Ell no teeainy soos tis- 
soos day oro. 

Kwalais teeainy ell 1 

Teeainy oostaid. los air- 
mosos parah-gwas 
dell Franthais 1 

No taingo soos airmo- 
sos parah-gwas, seeno 
soos sofas. 

Mis alaileeais. 

Soos boor-ros. 

Day mis har-dee-nais. 

Teeainy oostaid los ar- 
bolais day mis har- 
deenais. 

No taingo los arbolais 
day soos hardeenois. 



NINTH LESSON. 



49 



ENGLISH. 



SPANISH. 

De mis bonitos jardines. 

De mis hermosos ca- 

ballos. 
No tengo sus paiiuelos 

de algodon. 
El pan, los panes. 
Ei fusil, los fusiles. 



PRONUNCIATION. 

Day mis boneetos har- 

deenais. 
Day mis airmosos kah- 

bal-yos. 
No taingo soos pannew- 

ai-los day algo-don. 
Ell pan, los panais. 
Ell fooseel, los foosee- 

lais. 
Ell eeho, los eehos. 



Of my pretty gardens, 

Of my fine horses. 

1 have not your cotton 

handkerchiefs. 
The bread, the loaves. 
The gun, the guns. 

The son, the sons. El hijo, los hijos. 

Obs. C. — There are in Spanish certain masculine nouns, which, used 
- in the plural, comprehend the individuals of both sexes. — Ex. : Hijos, 
son and daughter — Padres, father and mother, or parents — Hermanos, 
brother and sister — Tios, uncle and aunt — Sobrinos, nephew and niece 
— Nietos, grand-son and grand-daughter — Abuelos, grand-father and 
grand -mother — and so on as to all other relations. In the same man- 
ner all the hereditary titles or dignities, from Baron and Count to 
King and Emperor, when used in the plural, imply also the individu- 
als of both sexes. Thus, by saying, for example, Los duques de 
Montpensier, we denote the duke and duchess of that title. It ought 
to be understood, that this is not applicable to those names or titles de- 
rived from public offices, as President, Senator, Judge, &c, because by 
them we denote the persons who serve such offices, and not their 
wives, which, are called for instance, La Presidenta, or la mujer del 
Presidente ; the Presidentess or the wife of the President. 

(1.) Except papa, mama, and sofa, whose plurals are papas, mamas, 
and sofas. 

(2.) It is to be noticed that in Spanish the possessive pronoun does not 
derive its number or gender from the number or gender of the person 
or thing to which it belongs, but from the number or gender of the per- 
son or thing possessed. Thus, speaking, for instance, of the eyes 
of a person we would say their eyes, instead of his eyes. Conse- 
quently, we must say sus libros (their books), speaking of many books 
belonging to one or mote persons. 



EXERCISE No. 23. 

Have you the gloves ? — Yes, Sir, I have the gloves. — Have you 
seen my gloves > — -No, Sir, I have not seen your gloves. — Have you 
my fine looking-glasses? — Yes, Sir, I have your fine looking-glasses. 
— Have I your good guns ? — You have not my good guns. — Which 
oxen has the countryman ? — He has the old oxen of his friends. 
— Has the foreigner our pretty sticks ? — He has not our pretty 
sticks, but our good ships. — Who has my fine horses ? — Nobody has 
your fine horses, but somebody has your old asses. — Has your 
neighbor seen the trees of your garden ? — He has not seen the trees of 
mv garden, but he has seen your pretty notes, — Have you the horses 5 
3 



50 SINTH LESSON. 

h a y? — I have not their hay, but their shoes — (herraduras). — Has your 
tailor my pretty gold buttons? — He has not your pretty gold buttons, 
but your pretty gold strings. — What has the sailor? — He has his fine 
ships. — Has he my gilliflowers or my knives ? — He has neither your 
gilliflowers nor your knives. — Who has the tailor's good vests ? — No- 
body has his vests, but somebody has his copper buttons. — Has the 
Frenchman's boy my good umbrellas ? — He has not your good umbrel- 
las, but your good pencils. — Has the shoemaker my leather shoes ? — 
He has your leather shoes. — What has the Spanish captain ? — He has 
the good Spanish sailors. — What has our friend the young English- 
man ? — He has his fine leather trunks. — Which forks have you ? — I 
have the old forks of our cooks. 

EXERCISE No. 24. 

r Which mattrasses has the sailor ? — He has the good niattrasses "of 
his captain. — Which gardens has the Frenchman ? — He has the gar- 
dens of the English. — Which servants has the Englishman ? — He has 
the servants of the Spanish gentleman. — What has your boy ? — He 
has his pretty birds. — What has the merchant ? — He has our tissues. — 
What has the baker ? — He has his loaves. — Has the carpenter his iron 
hammer ? — He has not his iron hammer, but his copper nails. — 
Which biscuits has the baker ? — He has the biscuits of his friends. — 
Has our friend our fine pen-knives ? — He has not our fine pen-knives. 
—Which looking-glasses has the young man ? — He has the looking- 
glasses of his countryman. — Has your brother the notes of the mer- 
chants ? — He has not the notes of the merchants, but their gold candle- 
sticks. — Have you received these notes ? — I have not received these 
notes, but these iron knives. — Has the man received this or that note ? 

He has received neither this nor that. — Have you seen the books 

that I have received ? — I have not seen the books that you have re- 
ceived. — Have you received these papers from the French or from 
the Americans ? — No, Sir, I have received these papers from the 
Spaniards. — Have you the chocolate of the French general or your 
friend's ? — I have neither that of the French general nor my friend's. 
I have my own. — Has the English captain his wine or that which you 
have received ? — He has neither his nor that which I have received. — 
Which wine has he ? — He has that of the merchants. — Have you seen 
the bag which my servant has received ? — I have not seen it.— Is the 
peasant cold or warm ? — He is neither cold nor warm. 

ADDITION TO THE NINTH LESSON. 

ENGLISH. SPANISH, PRONUNCIATION. 

What is it 1 due es eso 1 Kay es eso 1 

Take care ! Cuidado ! Koo-ee-dahdo ! 

Be careful, Tome V. cuidado. Tomay oostaid koo-ee- 

dahdo. 



TENTH LESSON. 51 

ENGLISH. SPANISH. PRONUNCIATION. 

The mail. La posta, el correo. La posta, ell kor-rai-o. 

The post-office. La posta, or la oficina La ofeetheena day kor- 

de Correos, rai-os. 



EXERCISE No. 25. 

Has the mail arrived ? — It has not arrived yet.— What is it ? — The 
mail has just arrived. — I am glad. — Is there any thing new. — (Hay 
algo de nuevo.) — Nothing particular. — Are you (estd V.) very husy to- 
day ? — Rather so (algo). — What day of the week is it ? — It is Mon- 
day. — Take care ! to-day is post-day, (dia de correo). — And (y) are 
you not busy ? — By no means. 



TENTH LESSON. 



Tenth lesson. 

Those. 

Have you my books, or 
those of the man ? 

I have not yours, but 
those of the man. 

Have you received your 
books ? 

I have not received my 
books. 

Those which. 

Have you the books, 
which I have re- 
ceived 1 

I have those which you 
have received. 

Has the Englishman 
seen the knives which 
you have,, or those 
which I have 1 

He has seen neither 
those which you have, 
nor those which I 
have. 

Which knives has he 
seen ? 



Leccion decima. 



Lectheeon ddytheenia. 



Los. Los. 

Tiene Vd. mis libros, o Teeainv oostaid mis 

los del hombre 1 leebros 6 los dell om- 
bray 1 

No tengo los suyos, sino No tain go los sooyos, 

los del hombre. seeno los del ombray. 

Ha recibido Vd. sus li- Ah raytheebeedo oostaid 

bros % soos leebros ? 

No he recibido mis li- No eh raitheebeedo 

bros. mis leebros. 



Los que. 

Tiene Vd. los libros, 
que he recibido % 

Tengo los que Vd. ha 

recibido. 
Ha visto el Ingles los 

cuchillos que Vd. 

tiene, o los que yo 

tengo ? 
El no ha visto ni los 

que Vd. tiene, ni los 

que yo tengo. 

Cuales cuchillos ha vis- 
, to eH 



Los kdy. 

Teeainy oostaid los lee- 
bros kay eh raithee- 
beedo ? 

Tain go los kay oostaid 
ah raitheebeedo. 

Ah veesto eenglais los 
koocheel-yos kay oos- 
taid teeainy, oh los 
kay yo taingo 1 

Ell no ah veesto nee 
los kay oostaid tee- 
ainy nee los kay yo 
taingo. 

Kwahlais koocheel-yos 
ah veesto ell ? 



52 



TENTH LESSON. 



ENGLISH. 

He has seen those of 

our friends. 
Which forks has he 1 

He has his own. 



SPANISH. 

El ha visto los de nues- 

tros amigos. 
Cuales tenedores tiene 

ell 
El tiene los suyos. 



PRONUNCIATION 

El ah veesto los day 
nooestros ameegos. 

Kwahlais tainaidores 
teeainy ell 1 

Ell teeainy los sooyos. 



SINGULAR AND PLURAL. 

Mine, or my own. 
Yours, or your own. 



His, hers (his own, her 
own). 



Ours, or our own. 
Yours, or (your own.) 

Theirs, (their own.) 



SINGULAR PLURAL. 

El mio. Los mios. 
El suyo, ( los suyos, 

or 
el de Vd. ( los de Vd. 
(See Note 2, L. 4th.) 
' los suyos, 
' los de el 
' (ella.) 

El nuestro, los nuestros. 

El suyo, ( los suyos, 



Thine, thy own. 

These. 

Those. 

These books. 

Those books. 

Have you seen these 
books or those 1 

I have seen neither 
these nor those. 

These (plur.ofthisone). 

Those (plural of that 
one). 

Have you received 
these or those 1 

I have received these, I 
have not received 
those. 

Have I the looking- 
glasses of the French, 
or those of the Eng- 
lish'? 

You have neither these 
nor those. 



s: 

_ . ote r 
El suyo, or ( 1 
el de el, 3 1 
(or ella.) ( ( 



( los suyos, Ell sooyo, C 
< ell day oos- •? 

£ los de Vds. taidais. ( 



el de Vds. ( los de Vd; 
El suyo, flos suyos. 

or j or 

el deellos. ] losdeellos, 

(ellas.) t (ellas.) 



El tuyo, 



Los tuyos. 



Estos. 

Aquellos, esos. 

Estos libros. 

Aquellos libros. 

Ha visto Vd. estos 6 

aquellos libros 1 
No he visto ni estos ni 

aquellos. 
Estos. 
Aquellos, esos. 

Ha recibido Vd. estos 6 

aquellos 1 
He recibido estos, no 

he recebido aquellos. 

Tengo yo los espejos de 
los Franceses, 6 los 
de los lngleses 1 

Vd. no tiene ni estos ni 
aquellos. 



SEENGOOLAR PLOORAL. 

Ell meeo, losmeeos. 
Ell sooyo, los sooyos. 

Ell day oostaid, los day 
oostaid. 
Ell sooyo, Los sooyos. 
or Los day 

ell day ell, oostaid. 
(ell-yah.) (ell-yah.) 
Ell nooestro, los nooes- 
tros. 
Ell sooyo, T los sooyos. 
ell day oos- •< los "day 
_ oostaidais. 
Ell soo3 T o, flos sooyos. 
or | Elidayell- 

los day ell- \ yos. 

los. | 

(ell-yas). (^ (ell-yas.) 
Ell tooyo, Los tooyos. 

Estos. 

Akkdil-yos, aisos. 
Aistos leebros 
Ahkail-yos leebros. 
Ah veesto oostaid aistos 

oh ahkail-yos leebros'? 
No eh veesto nee aistos 

nee ahkail-yos. 
Aistos. 
Ahkail-yos, aisos. 

Ah raitheebeedo oostaid 

aistos 6 ahkail-yos'? 
Eh raitheebeedo aistos, 

no eh raitheebeedo 

ahkail-yos. 
Taingo yo los espaihos 

day los Franthaisais, 

6 los day los eenglai- 

sais'? 
No teeainy nee aistos 

nee ahkail-yos. 



TENTH LESSON. 



53 



English. Spanish; pronunciation. 

You have neither the Vd. no tiene ni estos ni No teeainy nee aistos 
former nor the latter. aquellos. nee ahkail-yos. 

Obs. A. — In Spanish, the former and the latter, are generally ex- 
pressed in an inverted order ; by este, estos, referring to the latter, and 
aquel, aquellos to the former. 



Has the man seen these 
birds or those 1 

He has seen these, but 

not those. 
Have you your muskets 

or mine ? 
I have neither yours nor 

mine, but those of our 

good friends. 



Ha visto el hombre es- 
tos pajaros 6 aque- 
llos 1 

El ha visto estos, pero 
no aquellos. 

Tiene Vd. sus fusiles 6 
los mios % 

No tengo ni los suyos ni 
los mios, sin 6 los de 
nuestros buenos ami- 



Ah veesto ell ombray 
estos paharos 6 ah- 
kail-yos 1 

Ell ah veesto aistos, 
pairono ahkail-yos. 

Teeainy oostaid soos 
fooseelais 6 losmeeos. 

No taingo nee los sooyos 
nee los meeos, seeno 
los day nooestros 
bwainos ameegos. 



EXERCISE No. 26. 

Have you these or those notes ? — I have these, but not those. — 
Have you the horses of the French or those of the English ? — I have 
those of the English, but I have not those of the French.— Which 
oxen have you ? — 1 have those of the foreigners. — Have you the forks 
which I have received from the Spaniards ? — I have not those which 
you have received from the Spaniards, but those which my brother 
has received from you. — Has your son your biscuits or mine ? — He 
has neither yours nor mine. — Which biscuits has he? — He has his 
own. — Which asses has your friend ? — He has the English asses. — 
Has your boy my knives or his ? — He has neither yours nor his, but 
he has those of the captain. — Have I your vests or those of the tailors ? 
— You have neither these nor those. — Have I your penknives ? — You 
have not ours, but those of our neighbors. — Have you the birds of the 
sailors ? — I have not their birds, but their fishes. — Which candlesticks 
has your brother ? — He has mine. — Have I my shoes or those of the 
shoemakers ? — You have not yours, but theirs. — Have you the exer- 
cise number eighteen ? — Yes, Sir, I have it. 



EXERCISE No. 27. 

Which sugar has the man ?.• — He has ours. — Has he our coffee ? — 
He has it not ? — Have you our mattresses or those of the strangers ? 
— 1 have not yours but theirs. — Has your carpenter our hammers or 
those of our friends ? — He has neither ours nor those of our friends. — 
Which nails has he ? — He has his good iron nails. — Has any one of 
my friends the ships of the English ? — Not one of your friends has the 



54 



TENTH LESSON, 



ships of the English, but somebody has those of the French. — Who 
has the cook's chickens ? — Nobody has his chickens, but somebody 
has his mutton. — Who has his cheese ? — His boy has it. — Who has 
my old muskets ?— The countryman has them. — Have I the neighbor's 
bag ? — You have not his bag, but his corn. — Which coal has the young 
man ? — He has the Spaniard's. — Which umbrellas has the Frenchman 
received ? — He has received those of his friends. — Has he our soap ? — 
He has not ours, but that of his countrymen. — Is the merchant's boy 
hungry ? — He is not hungry, but thirsty. — Is your friend cold or warm ? 
— He is neither warm, nor cold. — Is he afraid or ashamed ? — He is 
ashamed, but not afraid. — Am I right or not. — You are right. — Has 
the baker the bread of our servants ? — He has not their bread, but their 
birds. — Has he any thing? — He has nothing. — What is the matter 
with you ? — -Nothing is the matter with me. — Has that young man the 
exercise number nineteen ? — Yes, Sir, he has it. 



ADDITION TO THE TENTH LESSON. 



Shall you go to the con- Ira V. al concierlo 1 

cert 1 ? 

I suppose so. t Supongo que si. 

Of course. f Por supuesto. 

By all means. t De todos modos. 

Any how. f De cualquier modo. 

By no means. t De ningun modo. 

On no account. t Por ningun motivo 

(or pretesto). 

Otherwise. t De otro modo. 



I would go. 



, Iria. 



Ee-rah oostaid all con- 

thee-airto 1 
Soopongo kay see. 
Por soopoo-aisto. 
Day todos modes. 
Day kwalkey-air modo. 
Day neengoon modo. 
Por neengoon moteevo 

(or praitaisto). 
Day otro modo. 
Ee-ree-ah. 



EXERCISE No. 28. 

Shall you go to the concert ? — I am very busy ; to-day is mail day 
— otherwise I would go. — Shall you go to-morrow ? — I suppose so ; — 
and you ? — Of course, by all means (esta noche.) — I will accompany 
you (acompanare a V.) if you please. — With much pleasure. — I will 
be happy to go (ir) with you. — Thank you. — What is the best news 
with you ? — Nothing particular. — How is your brother. — Very well I 
thank you. — Remember me to him — (Hdgale V. mis recuerdos). — I 
will do so (£o hare) with much pleasure, 



ELEVENTH LESSON, 



55 



ELEVENTH LESSON. 



ENGLISH. 

Eleve?ith Lesson. 



SPANISH. 

Lection Undecima 



PRONUNCIATION. 
Lectheeon Oondditheema. 



There is in Spanish this peculiarity that the signification of nouns 
can be augmented or diminished by the addition of certain syllables 
called augmentatives and diminutives. We shall speak first of 



AUGMENT ATI VES. 



The Augmentative nouns add to the positive the signification of 
the words big or large, and are formed by adding on, azo, onazo, or ote 
for the masculine and ona, aza, onaza, or ota, for the feminine, but 
suppressing the last letter if it be a vowel. Examples : 



The man. 

The big. or large man. 



The woman. 

The big, 
woman. 



or large 



El hombre. 

El homhvon. 

El hombrazo. 

El homhronazo. 

La mujer. 

La mujerona. 
" muyeraza, 
" mujeronaza. 



Ell omhray, 
Ell ombro?z-. 
Ell ombr&Mho. ' 
Ell ombronahtho. 
La moohair. 
La moohairona. • 
La moohairatha. 
La moohaironatha. 



DIMINUTIVES. 

There are two kinds of diminutive nouns, viz. : 
. 1st. Those which express tenderness or gentleness of any object 
whatever that is small ; and their termination is in ito, ico, for the mas- 
culine, ita, or ica for the feminine, following the same rule as the aug- 
mentatives in regard to the termination, that is, suppressing the last 
letter, when it be a vowel. Examples : 



The inkstand. 


El tintero. 


Ell teentairo. 


The small, or pretty 


El tinterito. 


" teentaireeto. 


little inkstand. 






The house. 


La casa. 


Lah kassah. 


The small, or pretty 


La casita. 


La kasseetah. 


little house. 






The turtledove. 


La tortola. 


" tortolah. 


The small, or pretty 


La tortolita. 


" tortoleetah. 


little turtledove. 







$Cf= It is the same regarding proper names : — * 

John. Juan. Hwon. 

Little John. Juanito. Hwoneeto. 

Adela. Adela, Adaila. 

Little Adela. Adelita. Adaileeta. 



56 



ELEVENTH LESSON. 



Dog, 

Pretty little dog. 

Ugly « « 



2d. Those which denote contempt, or pity, or which lessen the ob- 
ject without adding the idea of prettiness, are generally terminated in 
zuelo, Mo, or cillo. 

ENGLISH. SPANISH. PRONUNCIATION. 

Perro. Pairro. 

Perrito. Pairreeto. 

Fevrillo. Pairrelyo. 

change it into quito, or quill'o to 

Sahkoh. 
Sahkeeto. 
Abahneeko. 
Aba nee key to. 
Cheeko. 
Cheekeyto. 
* Cheekeyteeto. 
Cheequeereeteeto. 



Those nouns terminating in co, 
form the diminutive. 

Saco. 

Saquito. 

Abanico. 

Abaniquito. 

Chico. 

Chiquito. 

Chiquitio. 

Chiquiritito. 



, or e take cito or rillo, 

Mujercilla, or Mujer- 

zuela. 
Hombrecz'Wo, or ztielo. 
El tenedor. 
El tenedorcillo. 

El boton. 
" botoncito. 
Grande. 
Grandecito. 



to form the diminutive. 

Moohairtheelyah, or 
moohairthooeelah. 
Ombraytheelyo. 
Ell tainaidor. 
" tainaidortheello. 

" boton. 

" botontheeto. 
Granday. 
Grandaithecto. 



Pretty little bag. 

Fan. 

Pretty little fan. 

Small. 

Smaller. 

Very small. 

Extremely small. 

Nouns ending in r, n 

Contemptible little wo- 
man. 

Miserable little man. 

The fork. 

The small or ugly little 
fork. 

The button. 

The pretty little dog. 

Great. 

Anything a little larger 
than a regular size. 

There are other diminutives terminating in uito or nillo for nouns 
ending in go, as amigo, amiguito, or amz'guillo, and others in ete, 
in, ejo, &c, though the latter are comparatively little used. 

The Plural of augmentatives and diminutives is formed like that of 
nouns. 

()rj- The termination azo added to a noun — suppressing the last latter 
if it be a vowel — has sometimes the import to be perceived in the fol- 
lowing examples : 

Shoe. Zapato. Thahpahto. 

Blow with a shoe. Zapate2ro. Thahpahtatho. 

Cudgel. Garrote. Garroty. 

Blow " " " Garrotazo. Garrottatho. 

Cannon. Canon. Kahn-yon. 

Cannon shot. Canonazo. Kanyonnatho. 

We observed by a note in the second lesson that the adjectives 
Bueno, Malo, Uno, Primero, Alguno, Tercero, and Postrero, for the sake 
of Euphony lose the final o, when used before a masculine noun in 



ELEVENTH LESSON. 57 

the singular ; and now we add the following, which for the same 
reason require a change in their termination, viz. : 1st. Ciente (a hun- 
dred) loses the syllable in the singular, when immediately followed by 
a noun. Example : 

One hundred Soldiers. Cien Soldados. Theeain Soldahdos. 

But, whenever Ciento takes after it another number, not being 
1000 or 1,000,000 it preserves all its letters. Example : 

One hundred and two Ciento y dos Soldados. Theeainto c dos soldah- 
Soldiers. dos. 

2d. Santo (saint) loses also the syllable to, when followed by a 
a proper masculine name. Example : 

Saint Peter. San Pedro, Sahn Paidro. 

Saint Joseph. San Jose. San Hosay. 

We except, however, from this rule Santo Tomas, Santo FomS, 
Santo Tocibio, and Santo Domingo. 

3d. Grande (great, large) loses the syllable de, before a singular 
noun beginning with a consonant. Example: 

The great project. El gran proyecto. Ell gran pro-yaicto. 

The great battle. La gran batalla. La gran bahtall-ya. 

" " friend. El grande amigo. Ell granday ameego. 

" " prattler. " " hablador. " " Ahblahdor. 

" " writer. " " escritor. " " Escreetor. 

It is worthy of notice, as a peculiarity, that the adjectives, grande, 
pobre, pequeno, and alguno, convey a different meaning according to 
the place they occupy with the substantives. Example : 

A great man. Un grande hombre. Oon granday ombray. 

A big or large man. <: hombre grande. " ombray granday. 

A needy man. " " pobre. " " pobray. 

An unhappy or weak !: probre hombre. " pobray ombray. 

man. 

A needy writer. Un escritor pobre. " escreetor pobray. 

11 poor " " pobre escritor. " pobray escreetor. 

An insignificant man. <: pequerlo hombre. ". paikain-yo ombray. 

A small, or short " " hombre pequerlo. " ombray paikain-yo. 

Some man. Algun hombre. Algoon ombray. 

Any man. Hombre alguno. Ombray algoono. 

It will be readily observed by the examples above, that the adjec- 
tives grande, pequeno, &c, placed before the substantive, qualify the 
merit, and placed after it qualify the shape or size. 



EXERCISE No. 29. 
Who has my pretty little dog ? — The large woman has it. — What 



58 ELEVENTH LESSON 

is the matter with that miserable little man ?— Nothing is the matter 
with him. — Have you seen my pretty little house ? — 1 have not seen 
your pretty little house ; but I have seen your ugly little dog. — Which 
inkstand have you ? — I have the pretty little inkstand of my little 
brother. — Which horse have you seen ? — I have seen the little horse 
of my friend. — Who has your little book ? — My little friend has it. — 
Have you received anything from that large man ? — I have received 
nothing from that big man, but my little boy has received something 
from that big woman. — What is the matter with that contemptible 
little woman? — Nothing.— Have you the biscuit of little John? — I 
have not his biscuit, but his pretty little bird. — Has my little ass his 
hay ? — He has it not. — What a large man. — What a large woman. — 
Have you my little bag ? — I have not your little bag, but your little 
gold plate. — Which bird has my son ? — He has his pretty little turtle 
dove. — Have you his little fork ? — I have not his little fork, but I have 
his little knife. — Have you the little vest of little Joseph? — I have it 
not, but I have his little gold button. — Have you seen the little note 
and big mutton which little Adela has received from her little friend ? 
I have not seen the little note, but I have seen the big mutton. 



EXERCISE No. 30. 

What number of English soldiers have you seen ? — I have seen 
one hundred soldiers. — I have seen one hundred and six soldiers. — 
What is the matter with that needy man ? — Nothing is the matter with 
him. — Have you seen some birds ? — 1 have not seen any bird. — Have 
you some great project ? — I have not any project. — Is the great 
French Captain ashamed or afraid ? — He is ashamed, but not afraid. — 
Have you seen my great horse ? — I have not seen your great horse, 
but your large house. — Is the great man thirsty? — The great man 
is not thirsty ; but the big or large man is afraid. — What is the mat- 
ter with that poor writer ? — Nothing is the matter with the poor 
writer; but the needy writer is hungry. — What number of new sol- 
diers has the American General ? — He has one hundred and four 
soldiers.- — Who has received a (un) blow with a shoe ? — My little 
boy has received it from his little friend. — What has that little sailor 
received ? — He has received a blow with a cudgel from his captain? 
— Has your ship received some cannon shot ? — My ship has not re- 
ceived any cannon shot. — Have you some exercises ? — I have not 
any exercise. 

ADDITION TO THE ELEVENTH LESSON. 

ENGLISH. SPANISH. PRONUNCIATION. 

Is it cold 1 Hace frio 1 Ahthay free-o 1 

It is very cold. Hace mucho frio. Ahthay moocho free-o. 

It is very warm. Hace mucho calor. Ahthay moocho kalor. 



TWELFTH LESSON. 



59 



ENGLISH. SPANISH. PRONUNCIATION. 

It is very fine weather, Hace un bello tiempo, Ahthay oon bail-yo tee- 

aimpo. 
It is a very fine day, Hace un bello dia. Ahthay oon baii-yo dee- 

ah. 
To-morrow morning. Mariana por la mana- Man-yana por la man- 
na, yana. 

EXERCISE No. 31. 

Is it cold ? — It is not very cold. — Is it warm ? — It is very warm. — It 
It is neither cold or warm. — It is very fine weather. — It is a very fine 
day. — When shall I have the pleasure to see you again? — Perhaps to- 
morrow morning. — I will be very happy to see you. — How is your 
son ? — He is much better to-day (estd mucho mejor hoy ?) — I am very 
glad to hear it (me alegro mucho). — He is worse (peor). — I am very 
sorry to hear it (lo siento mucho). 



TWELFTH LESSON. 



Twelfth lesson. 

The comb. 

The glass (a tumbler). 

Have you my small 

glasses 1 
I have them. 
Them. 



Lection duodecimo,. Lectheon dwo-ddi'theemah. 



El peine. 
El vaso. 
Tiene Vd. mis vasitos 1 



Ell paieeny. 

Ell vaso. 

Teeainy oostaid mis va 

seetos 1 
Los taingo. 
Los. 



Los tengo. 

Los. 
Has he my fine glasses'? Tiene el mis hermosos Teeainy ell mis airmo- 

vasos 1 sos vasos % 

He has them. El los tiene. Ell los teeainy. 

Obs. A. — The scholar will apply to los the rule given in the second 

lesson regarding lo. 



Have I received them 1 
You have received 

them. 
You have not received 

them. 
Has the Spaniard my 

fine gold buttons 1 

He has them not. 

Has the English them ? 

The boys have them. 



Los he recibido yo 1 
Vd. los ha recibido. 

Vd. no los ha recibido. 

Tiene el Espaiiol mis 
hermosos botones de 
oro % 

El no los tiene. 

Los tiene el Ingles 1 

Los muchachos los 
tienen. 



Los eh raitheebeedo yo 1 

Oostaid los ah raithee- 
beedo. 

Oostaid no los ah rai- 
theebeedo. 

Teeainy ell Espan-yol 
mis airmosos boto- 
nais day oro 7 

Ell no los teeainy. 

Los teeainy ell Englaisl 

Los moo-chah-chos los 
teeai-nen. 






60 



TWELFTH LESSON. 



ENGLISH. 

Have the boys them 1 

They. 

They have them. 
They have them not. 
Who has them ? 
The German. 
The Italian. 
The Turk. 
The Mexican. 
The Russian. 
The Germans 

them. 
The Mexicans 

them not. 



have 
have 



SPANISH. 

Los tienen los mucha- 
chos 1 

Ellos. 

El los los tienen. 

Ellos no los tienen. 

Gluien los tiene ? 

El Aleman. 

El Italiano. 

El Turco. 

El Mejicano. 

El Ruso. 

Los Alemanes los tie- 
nen. 

Los Mejicanos no los 
tienen. 



PRONUNCIATION. 

Los teeai-nen los moo- 

chah-chos 1 
Ell-yos. 

Ell-yos los teeai-nen. 
Ell-yos no los teeai-nen. 
Key-ain los teeainy 1 
Ell Alai-man. 
Ell Italiano. 
Ell Toor-ko. 
Ell Mai-he-kah-no. 
Ell Roo-so. 
Los Alai-mah-nais los 

teeai-nen. 
Los Maihekahnos no 

los teeainen. 



Some^) any^). Alguno. Algoono. 

Obs. B. — Alguno, before a noun, means some ; after a noun means 
any, (see Obs. eleventh lesson). 

Obs. C. — But when a noun is used in Spanish, without being pre- 
ceded by any denning adjective, it has a partitive meaning by itself. — 
Ex : En todas partes hay hombres honrados (everywhere there are some 
honest men). ; 



The fire. 

The sealing wax. 

The vinegar. 

The tea. 

Have you any fire 1 

I have some fire. 



El fuego. 

El lacre. 

El vinagre. 

Elte. . 

Tiene Vd. fuego 7 

Tengo fuego. 



Ell fwaigo. 
Ell lah-cray. 
Ell venah-gry. 
Ell tay. 

Teeainy oostaid fwai- 
go- 
Taingo fwai-go. 



sealing wax 
He has some sealin 

wax. 
Has he any vinegar "? 
He has some vinegar. 
Have you any tea % 
I have some tea. 



Tiene lacre. 

Tiene el vinagre 1 
Tiene vinagre. 
Tiene Vd. te 1 
Tengo te. 



Has the Italian any Tiene el Italiano lacre 1 Teeainy ell Italiano lah- 
cray 1 
Teeainy lah-cray. 

Teeainy ell venah-gry 1 
Teeainy venah-gry. 
Teeainy oostaid tay 1 
Taingo tay. 

No. 

No taingo fwai-go. 
Ell no teeainy tay. 
Oostaid no teeainy lah- 
cray. 
No teeai-nen amee-gos. 
Venah-gry bwaino 

Kayso malo. 

Tay esthai-lainty 



No or not any (before a noun,) No. 

I have no fire. No tengo fuego 

He has no tea. 

You have no sealing 

wax. 
They have no friends. 
Some or any good vin- 
* egar. 
Somej or^ any bad Glueso malo. 

cheese. 
Some or any excellent Te escelente. 

tea. 



El no tiene te. 
Vd. no tiene lacre. 

No tienen amigos. 
Vinagre bueno. 



ENGLISH. 

Some or any good cof- 
fee. 
Some or any good 

books. 
Some or any pretty 

glasses. 
Some or any fine horses. 
Some or any old wine. 
The satin. 
The velvet. 
The picture* 
The painter. 
The pencil (of the 

painter). 
Have you 

satin 1 
I have no good satin, 

but some excellent 

velvet. 
Has the painter any 

fine pictures 1 
He has not any fine 

pictures, but ' some 

good pencils. 



TWELFTH LESSON* 
SPANISH. 

Cafe bueno. 

Libros buenos. 

Vasos bonitos. 

Caballos hermosos. 

Vino afiejo. 

El raso. 

El terciopelo.] ; 

El cuadro. \. 

El pintor. 

El pincel. 



any good Tiene Vd. raso bueno '] 



No tengo raso bueno, 
sino terciopelo esce- 
lente. 

Tiene el pintor cuadros 
hermosos 1 

El no tiene cuadros her- 
mosos, sino buenos 
pinceles. 



PRONUNCIATION. 

Kah-fay bwaino. 

Leebros bwainos. 

Vasos boneetos. 

Kah-bal-lios airmosos. 

Veeno an-yai-ho. 

Ell rahso. 

Ell tairtheeo-pailo. 

Ell kwa-dro. 

Ell peentor. 

Ell peenthail. J 

Teeainy oostaid rah-so 
bwaino. 

No tain go rah-so bwai- 
no, seeno tairtheeopai- 
lo esthailainty. 

Teeainy ell peentor 
kwadros air-mososl 

Ell no teeainy kwadros, 
airmosos seeno bwai- 
nos peenthailais. 



(1.) — Some, before a singular noun, which means something to eat, 
or drink, is generally expressed by un poco de ; as — " Trdzgame un 
poco de agua,' } bring me some water. 

(2.) — Any, interrogatively used, before a singular noun which ex- 
presses something to eat, or drink, is generally suppressed entirely ; 
as — " Hay vino en la botella ?" is there any wine in the bottle ? — 
Should any precede any other kind of, noun, it may be either sup- 
pressed or expressed like some ; as — Tiene Vd. algunos libros, or, tiene 
Vd. libros? have you any books ? 6 



EXERCISE No. 32. 

f Have you my fine glasses? — 1 have them. — Have you the fine 
horses of the Englishman ?'— I have them not. — Who has my small 
combs ? — My boys have them. — Which knives have you ? — I have 
those of your friends. — Have I your good muskets ? — You have them 
not, but your friends have them. — Have you my pretty birds ? or those 
of my brothers ? — I have neither yours nor your brothers, but my own. 
— Which ships have the Mexicans? — The Mexicans have no ships. — 
Have the sailors our fine forks? — They have them not. — Have the 
cooks got them ? — They have them. — Has the captain your pretty 
books ?— He has them not.— Have I them ?— You have them. — You 



62 TWELFTH LESSON. 

have them not. — Has the Spaniard got them ? — He has them. — Have 
the Turks our fine muskets ? — They have them not. — Have the Ital- 
ians them ? — They have them. — Has the German the pretty umbrellas 
of the Frenchman ? — He has them. — Has he them ? — -Yes, Sir, he has 
them. — Has the Spaniard our pretty gloves ? — He has them not. — Who 
has them ?— The English have them. — Has the tailor our vests or 
those of our friends ? — He has neither the latter nor the former. — Has 
your brother any soap ? — He has no soap. — Have I any mutton ? — You 
have no mutton, but you have some sugar. — Have your friends any 
money? — They have some money. — Have you any fire ? — I have no 
fire, but I have coal. — Have you any good coffee ? — I have no good 
coffee, but some excellent wine. 

EXERCISE No. 33. 

[ Has the merchant any good books ? — He has some good books. 
—Have the French any good gloves ? — They have some excellent 
gloves. — Who have the fine pencils of the English ? — Their friends 
have them. — Who has the biscuits of the bakers ? — The sailors of our 
captain have them. — Have they our cloth ? — Yes, Sir, they have it. — 
What have the Spaniards ? — They have some beautiful pictures. — 
What have the Mexicans ? — They have some fine asses. — What have 
the Germans ? — They have some excellent tea. — Have you any 
friends ? — I have some friends. — Have your friends any sealing-wax ? 
— They have some sealing-wax. — Have the shoemakers some good 
shoes ? — They have no good shoes, but some excellent leather. — Have 
the tailors any good vests ? — They have no good vests, but some ex- 
cellent cloth. — Has the painter any umbrellas ? — He has no umbrel- 
las, but he has some beautiful pictures. — Has any one my small 
combs? — No one has them. — Who has the countryman's fine chick- 
ens? — -Your cook has them. — What has the young man ? — He has his 
oxen. — Have your friends any old wine ? — They have no old wine, 
but some excellent vinegar. — Has any one your gold candlesticks ? — 
No one has them. 



ADDITION TO THE TWELFTH LESSON. 

I come to take leave of Vengo a. despedirme de Vaingo ah daispaidir- 

you for Havana. V. para la Habana. may day oostaid para 

la Ah-bana. 

When is your depar- Cuando es su partida? Kwando es soo partee- 

ture 1 da. 

It may be this after- Puede ser esta tarde. Poo-aiday sair esta tar- 
noon, day. 

Don't you like the city % No le gusta a V. la ciu- No lay goosta a V. la 

dad ? thee-oo-dad 1 

I like the people very La jente me gusta mu- La hentay may goosta 

much. cho. moocho. 



THIRTEENTH LESSON. 



63 



EXGLISH. SPANISH. PRONUNCIATION. 

But the climate does Pero el clima no me Pairo ell cleema no 
not agree with me. sienta bien. may see-ainta bee- 

ain. 

EXERCISE No. 34. 

I come to take leave of you for Havana. — When is your departure ? 
— It may be this afternoon. — Don't you like the city ? — I like the peo- 
ple very much ; but the climate does not agree with me. — Do you in- 
tend to return (piensa V. volver). — I do intend to return after the win- 
ter is over (pienso volver despues de pasado el invierno). — It will give 
me the greatest pleasure to see you again (tendre el mayor placer en 
volverle a ver). 



THIRTEENTH LESSON. 



) t of it. 1 

mj of> 



(See Obs. B, twelfth lesson.) 



Thirteenth, lesson. Lection decima-tercia. Lectheeon dditheemah-tdir-thee-ah. 

Some of it, any of it, 
Some of them, any 

them, of them. 
Have you any wine 1 
I have some. 
Have you any bread 1 
I have not any, or none. 
Have you any good 

wine % 
I have some good wine. 
Has the merchant any 

sugar 1 
He has some. 
He has not any. 
Has he any good cheese] 



Tiene Vd. vino 7 

Tengo. 

Tiene Vd. pan 1 

No tengo. 

Tiene Vd. vino bueno % 

Tengo vino bueno. 
Tiene el comerciante 

azucar 1 
Tiene. 
No tiene. 
Tiene el queso bueno 1 



He has some good El tiene queso bueno. 

cheese. 

Have I any coffee'? Tengo yo cafe. 

You have some. Vd. tiene. 

You have no coffee. Vd. no tiene cafe. 



You have not any. 
Have you any shoes 1 

I have some. 
I have no shoes. 
I have not any. 



Vd. no tiene. 
Tiene Vd. zapatos? 

Tengo. 

No tengo zapatos. 

No tengo. 



Teeainy oostaid veeno 1 

Taingo. 

Teeainy oostaid pan 1 

No taingo. 

Teeainy oostaid veeno 
bwaino 1 

Taingo veeno bwaino. 

Teeainy eil comair- 
theeanty ahthoo-kar. 

Teeainy. 

No teeainy. 

Teeainy ell kaysso 
bwaino 1 

Ell teeainy kaysso bwai- 
no. 

Taingo yo kah-tay. 

Oostaid teeainy. 

Oostaid no teeainv kah- 
fay. 

Oostaid no teeainy. 

Teeainy oostaid thah- 
pahtos 1 

Taingo. 

No taingo thahpahtos. 

No taingo. 



64 



THIRTEENTH LESSON. 



ENGLISH, 


SPANISH. 


Has the man any good 


Tiene el hombre buenos 


horses 1 


cabal los 1 


Has he any good 


Tiene 61 buenos cuchi- 


knives 1 


, Uos 1 


He has not any, or none 1 ? 


El no tiene. 


Has he any money 1 


Tiene el diner o 1 


He has some. 


Tiene. 


He has not any. 


No tiene. 


Have our friends any 


Tienen nuestros amigos 


, good hats 1 


sombreros buenos 1 


They have some good 


Ellos tienen sombreros 


hats. 


buenos. 


They have not any 


Ellos no tienen som- 


good hats. 


breros buenos. 


Who has some good 


Gluien tiene vino buen 1 


wine 1 




Oar merchant has some. 


Nuestrocomerciante tie- 


The hatter. 


El sombrerero. 


The blacksmith. 


El herrero. 




f Un (before a masculine 




noun). 


A, an, or one. 


\ TJno (when it stands 




alone, or not before a 
^ masculine noun.) 




Nom. a. 


un. 


Poss. of or from a. 


de un. 


Obj. to a. 


\ a un. 


A or one horse. 


Un caballo. 


Have you an umbrella 1 


Tiene Vd. un para- 




guas 1 


I have an umbrella. 


Tengo un paraguas. 


Have you a glass % 


Tiene Vd. un vaso 1 


I have no glasses. 


No tengo vasos. 


I have one. 


Tengo uno. 


Have you a good stick % 


Tiene Vd. un baston 




bueno 1 


I have a good one. 


Tengo uno bueno. 


1 have two good ones. 


Tengo dos buenos. 


I have two good sticks. 


Tengo dos bastones bue- 




nos'? 


I have three good ones. 


Tengo tres buenos. 


Have I a gun 1 


Tengo yo un fusil 1 


You have one 1 


Vd. tiene uno. 


You have a good one. 


Vd. tiene uno bueno. 


You have two good 


Vd. tiene dos buenos. 


ones 7 j 





PRONUNCIATION. 

Teeainy ell ombray 
bwainos kah-bal-lios'? 

Teeainy ell bwainos 
koocheel-yos 1 

Ell no teeainy. 

Teeainy ell dee-nai-ro ? 

Teeainy. 

No teeainy. 

Teeainen nooestros a- 
meegos sombrai-ros 
bwainos % 

Ell-yos teeainen som- 
brai-ros bwainos. 

Ell-yos no teeainen 
sombrairos bwainos., 

Key-ain teeainy veeno 
bwaino 1 

Nooestro comairtheean- 
ty teeainy. 

Ell sombrairairo. 

Ell air-rairo. 

Oon. 

Oono. 



oon. 
day oon. 
ah oon. 

Oon kah-bal-yo. 
Teeainy oostaid oon 

parahgwas'? 
Tain go oon parahgwas. 
Teeainy oostaid oon va- 
1 so. 

No taingo vasos. 
Taingo oono. 
Teeainy oostaid oon 

baston bwaino. 
Taingo oono bwaino. 
Taingo dos bwainos. 
Taingo dos baston ais 

bwainos. 
Taingo trais bwainos. 
Taingo yo oon fooseell 1 
Oostaid teeainy oono. 
Oostaid teeainy oono 

bwaino. 
Oostaid teeainy dos 

bwainos, 



THIRTEENTH LESSON. 



65 



ENGLISH. 

Has your brother a 

friend 1 
He has a friend. 
He has one. 
He has a good one. 
He has two good ones. 
He has three good ones. 
He has four good 

friends. 
He has five good ones. 

Has the blacksmith a 
knife % 

He has one. 

He has none. 

He has two of them. 

He has three. 

He has four. 

Have you five good 
horses 1 

I have six. 

I have six good, and 
seven bad ones 

Who has a fine um- 
brella 1 

The merchant has one. 



SPANISH. 

Tiene su hermano un 

amigo 1 
Tiene un amigo. 
Tiene uno. 
Tiene uno bueno. 
Tiene dos buenos. 
Tiene tres buenos. 
Tiene cuatro buenos 

amigos. 
Tiene cinco buenos. 

Tiene el herrero un cu- 

chillo 1 
Tiene uno. 
No tiene. 
Tiene dos. 
Tiene tres. 
Tiene cuatro. 
Tiene Vd. cinco caba- 

llos buenos % 
Tengo seis. 
Tengo seis buenos y 

siete malos. 
Gluien tiene un 

guas hermoso. 
El eomerciante tiene 

uno. 



para- 



PRONUNCIATION. 

Teeainy soo airmano 
oon ameego ? 

Teeainy oon ameego. 

Teeainy oono. 

Teeainy oono bwaino. 

Teeainy dos bwainos. 

Teeainy trais bwainos. 

Teeainy kwah-tro bwai- 
nos ameegos. 

Teeainy theenco bwai- 
nos. 

Teeainy el] air-rero oon 
koo-cheell-yo 1 

Teeainy oo-no. 

No teeainy. 

Teeainy dos. 

Teeainy trais. 

Teeainy kwahtro. 

Teeainy oostaid theenco 
kah-bal-lios bwainos 1 

Taingo sai-ees. 

Taingo sai-ees bwainos 
e seeaity malos. 

Key-am teeainy oon pa- 
rah-gwas airmoso. 

Ell comairtheeanty tee- 
ainy oono. 



EXERCISE No. 35. 

Have you any sugar?— I have some. — Have you any coffee ? — I 
have not any. —Have you any good wine ? — I have some good (wine). 
— Have you received any good cloth ? — I have not received any cloth, 
but I have received some money. — Have I any good chocolate ? — You 
have not any good. — Has the American any rice ? — He has some. — 
'Have the French any cheese ? — They have not any. — Have the Eng- 
lish any new hats ? — They have ho new hats, but they have some ex- 
cellent tea. — Who has some good soap? — The merchant has some. — 
Who has some good bread ? — The baker has some. — Has the foreigner 
any coal ? — He has not any. — Has he any vests ? — He has some. — 
What fish have you? — I have some good (fish). What hay has the 
horse? — He has good (hay). — What leather has the shoemaker? — He 
has some excellent (leather). — Have you any cotton ? — I have not any, 
Who has some copper ? — The merchant has some. — Have I any gilli- 
flowers ? — You have some. — Have I any corkscrews ? — You have no 
corkscrews. — Has your friend any old knives ? — He has some old ones. 



66 THIRTEENTH LESSON, 

— Have the Italians any fine horses? — They have not any fine ones. 
— Who has some fine asses ? — The Mexicans have some. — Has the 
captain any good sailors ? — He has some good ones. — Who has some 
biscuits ? — The baker of our neighbor has some. — Has he any bread ? 
— He has not any. — Who has some excellent iron nails? — The car- 
penter has some. — Has he any hammers ? — He has some. — What ham- 
mers has he ?— He has some iron hammers. 



EXERCISE No. 36. 

What is the matter with your brother ? — Nothing is the matter with 
him. — Is he cold ? — He is not cold ; he is warm. — Is he afraid ? — He 
is not afraid. — Is he ashamed or hungry? — He is hungry, but not 
ashamed ? — Who has some pretty gloves? — I have some. — Who has 
some fine pictures ? — The Spaniards have some. — Have the painters 
fine gardens ? — They have some fine ones. — Who has some beautiful 
sofas ? — Our merchants have some. — Have they any birds ? — They 
have not any. — Have you any rice ? — I have not any. — Who has 
some ? — My servant has some. — Have you a pencil ? — I have one. — 
Has your boy a good book ? — He has a good one. — Has the German a 
good ship ? — He has none. — Has the young man a good handker- 
chief ? — He has a good one. — He has two good ones. — He has three 
good ones. — Who has some fine forks? — The American has some. — 
Has the captain a fine dog ? — He has two. — Have your friends two 
fine horses ? — They have four. — Have you a good cook ? — I have a 
good one. — I have a bad one. — Have I a friend ? — You have a good 
one. — You have two good friends. — You have three good ones. — Your 
brother has four good ones. — Has the captain an iron nail ? — He has 
six iron nails. — He has six good ones, and seven bad ones. — Who has 
five good horses ? — Our neighbor has six. — Who has some good 
friends ? — The Turks have some. — Have they any money ? — They 
have. not any. — Who has their money ? — Their friends have it. — Have 
you received these or those bags ? — I have received neither these nor 
those. — Which ships have you seen ? — I have seen mine. — Have you 
a good servant ? — I have a good one. — Who has a good trunk ? — My 
brother has one. 



ADDITION TO THE THIRTEENTH LESSON. 

ENGLISH. SPANISH. PB.ON UNCIATION. 

I wish you a good sue- Deseo a V. un buen Daisai-o ah oostaid oon 

cess. exito. bwain exeeto. 

An honest man. Un hombre de bien. Oon ombray daybeeain. 

I do not know whether No se si es casado o No say see es kah-sah- 

he is married or sin- soltero (fern, casada do o soltairo. 

gle. j o soltera). 



FOURTEENTH LESSON. 



67 



ENGLISH. SPANISH. PRONUNCIATION. 

Is it Mr, N. to whom I Es el Senor N. a quien Es ell sain-yor N. ah 
have the honor to tengo el honor de ha- key-am taingo ell 
speak 1 blar 1 on'or day ah-blar % 

That is my name, Sir. Un servidor de V. Oon sairveedor day oos- 

taid. 



EXERCISE No. 37. 

Is your friend single or married ? — He is married. — I do not know 
whether he is single or married. — I know that (si que) he is an honest 
man. — Is it Mr. N. to whom I have the honor lo speak ? — That is my 
name, Sir. — I wish you a good success in your undertaking (en su em- 
presa). — Thank you, Sir. 



FOURTEENTH LESSON. 

Fourteenth lesson. [Leccio?i decima cuarta. Lectheeon daitheemah kioarla. 
OF THE FEMININE GENDER. 



Plural. 

las. 

day ]as. 

ah las. 







DEFINITE 


ARTICLE. 








Singular. 


Plural. 


Singular. 


Nom. 


the. 


la, 


las. 


lah, 


Poss. 


of or from the. 


de la, 


de las. 


day lah. 


Obj. 


to the. 


a la, 


a las. 


ah lah, 



The table, the tables. 
Of or from the table. J 

To the table.' 



EXAMPLE. 

La mesa, las mesas. Lah maisah, las maisas. 

De la mesa, de las me- Day la maisah. day las 

sas. 
A la mesa, a las mesas. 



maisas. 
Ah lah maisah, ah las 
maisas. 



Obs. A. — The article never admits of any elision in Spanish; but 
there are some feminine nouns that beginning with a, take the mas- 
culine article el, instead of la, in order to avoid the disagreeable meet- 
ing of two fi's. (See a list of those nouns at the end of this lesson.) 



RULES TO DISTINGUISH THE GENDER OF NOUNS. 

Rule 1.— Nouns and adjectives ending in a, d, or ion, are feminine, 
ending otherwise are masculine, except mano, hand ; tarde, evening : 



FOURTEENTH LESSON. 



noche, night, which are feminine, dia, day, which is masculine, and 
other exceptions which will be found in a list in the Appendix. 

Rule 2. — All abstract nouns, ending in ez, are feminine; as esire- 
chez, narrowness ; redondez, roundness; brillantez, brightness. — The 
names of the alphabetic characters also are feminine. 

8Cr* Obs. B. The plural of the feminine nouns, is formed, like that 
of the masculine ones, and the article like the pronoun, must agree 
with the substantives and adjectives, in gender, number and case. 
(Lesson IX.) Example : 

ENGLISH. 

The woman, the wife, 

women, wives. 
The mother, mothers. 



The daughter, daugh- 
ters. 
The sister, sisters. 

The cousin, (fern.) cou- 

■ sins. 

The girl, girls. 

The servant (fern.), ser- 
vants. 

She — they. 

Has slie the book 1 

She has it not. 
Have they (fern.) it? 
They have it. 

This or that woman. 
These or those women. 



SPANISH. 

La mujer, las mujeres. 
La madre, las madres. 

La buena hija, las bue- 

nas hijas. 
La hermana, las her- 

manas. 
La prima, las primas. 

La muchacha, las mu- 
ch achas. 
La criada, las criadas. 



Ella, ellas. 

Tiene ella el libro 1 

No lo tiene. 
Lo tienen ellas? 
Lo tienen. 



PRONUNCIATION. 

Lah moohair, las moo- 

hairais. 
Lah mahdray, las mah- 

drais. 
Lah b wain a eehah, las 

bwainas eehas. 
Lah airmahna, las air- 

mahnas. 
Lah preema, las pree- 

mas. 
La moochahcha, las 

moochahchas. 
La cree-ah-da, las cree- 

ah das. 

Ell-yah, ell-yah. 
Teeainy ell-yah el lee- 

bro? 
No lo teeainy. 
Lo teeainen ell-yas. 
Lo teeainen. 



Esta o aquella {or esa) Esta o ah-kail-ya (or 

mujer. esa) moohair. 

Estas o aquellas {or Estas o ah-kail-yas (or 

esas) mujeres. esas) moohairais. 



■J This young lady, these Esta^ senorita, estas se- 

young ladies. lioritas. 

That young lady, those Aquella senorita, aque- 

young ladies. lias sefioritas. 



The hand, the hands. 
The right hand. 
The left hand. 

The face. 
The mouth. 
The cheek. 



La mano, las manos. 
La mano derecha. 
La mano izquierda. 

La cara. 
La boca. 
La mejilla. 



Esta sain-yorita, estas 
sain-yoritas. 

Ah-kail-yah sain-yori- 
tah ah-kail-yos sain- 
yoritas. 

Lah mano, las manos. 
La mano dairaichah. 
La mano eeth-key-air- 

dah, 
Lah kah-rah. 
Lah bokah. 
Lah maihil-yah. 



FOURTEENTH LESSON. 



69 



ENGLISH. 

The tongue, the lan- 
guage. 
The door. 
The window. 
The street. 
The city. 

The pen. 
The silver. 
The cloak. 
The letter. 
The spoon. 
Them (fern.) 
Have you my pen. 

I have it not. 
Have you my pens. 



SPANISH. 

La lengua. 

La puerta. 
La ventana. 
La calle. 
La ciudad. 



I have them. 



La pluma. 

La plata. 

La capa. 

La carta. 

La cuchara. 

Las (see note 1, L. 11.) 

Tiene V. mi pluma 1 

No la tengo. 

Tiene V. mis plumas. 

No las tengo. 



PRONUNCIATION. 

Lah laingwah. 

Lah pooairtah. 
Lah vaintanah. 
Lah kal-yay. 
Lah thee-oo-dad. 

Lah ploomah. 

Lah platah. 

Lah kah-pah. 

Lah kartah. 

Lah koocharah. 

Las. 

Teeainy oostaid 

ploomah. 
No lah taingo. 
Teeainy oostaid l 

ploomas. 
No los taingo. 



FEMININE NOUNS THAT TAKE THE MASCULINE ARTICLE el INSTEAD 
OF kl, FOR THE SAKE OF EUUHONY. 

El agua, the water ; el ala, the wing ; el alma, the soul ; el ama, the 
mistress ; el area, the chest ; el habla, the speech ; el anna, the wea- 
pon ; el asta, the horn ; el ave, the fowl ; el aguila, the eagle ; el alba, 
the dawn ; el hambre, hunger ; el arpa, the harp ; el hacha, the axe ; el 
aya, the governess ; el aura, the buzzard ; el ansia, the anxiety ; el an- 
cla or dncora, the anchor ; el ara, the altar ; el asa, the handle ; ascua, 
red hot coal ; el asma, the asthma ; el haba, bean ; el acta, an act ; el 
arte, art; el aula, lecture hall; el Asia, Asia; el Africa, Africa; el 
Austria, Austria; because la agua, la ala, etc., would be too harsh. 
But, it is necessary to observe — 1st, That this change of article is ad- 
mitted only in the singular, since the clashing of the two vowels does 
not take place in the plural. — 2d. If this noun be accompanied by an 
adjective, this adjective must be put in the feminine; therefore we say, 
el agua es fria, el ala derecha, the water is cold, the right wing ; and 
not, el agua frio, el ala derecho. — 3d. Observe that the nouns above 
mentioned are nearly all which usage has permitted to deviate from 
the general rule, and that amisiad, friendship; Amirica, America; 
Habana, Havana; and all other feminine nouns not having the stress 
of the voice on the first a are not comprehended in the number of the 
exceptions, but they follow the general rule. 



EXERCISE No. 38. 

Has the servant (female) the table? — No Sir, she has it not. — Has 
she the gold pen ? — She has it. — Have you seen my table ?— I have not 



70 FOURTEENTH LESSON. 

seen it.— Have you seen the water ? — I have not seen it. — Have you 
received the chest ? — I have not received- it. — Have you seen the wing 
of my chicken ? — I have seen it. — Have you the weapon ? — I have it 
not. — Have you seen the mistress ? — I have not seen her. — Have you 
received the fowl ? — Yes, I have received it.— Have you seen the ea- 
gle ? — I have not seen it. — Have you perceived (percibe) the dawn ? — 
I have not perceived it. — Have you received the harp ? — I have re- 
ceived it. — Have you seen the buzzard. — I have not seen it. — Have 
you seen the act ? — I have seen it. — Have you seen the lecture hall ? 
— I have not seen it, — Have you seen Asia ? — I have not seen it. — 
Have you seen Africa ? — I have seen it. — Have you seen Austria? — I 
have not seen it?— Have you seen the anchor? — Yes Sir, I have seen 
it. — Have y u seen the altar ? — I have not seen it. — Have you seen the 
handle ? — I have seen it. — Have you seen the handles ? — I have not 
seen them. — Have you seen the wings of my chicken ? — I have seen 
them. — Have you seen the governesses. — I have not seen them. 

[ EXERCISE No. 39. 

e Have you received the candles ? — 1 have not received the candles 
but I have received the bottles. — Have you seen the city ? — I have seen 
it. — Have you seen the street ? — 1 have not seen it. — Have you seen 
the door? — I have not seen it. — Have you seen the window ? — I have 
seen it. — Have you seen this or that hand ? — 1 have seen this one, but 
not that one — Have you seen the right hand ? — I have not seen the 
right hand, but the left hand. — Have you seen this or that woman ? 
— I have seen this one, I have not seen that one. — Have you seen 
these or those women ? — I have seen these but not those. — Have you 
seen these or those pretty young ladies ? — I have seen neither these nor 
those, but I have seen the ugly one. — Have you received your new 
tables ? — I have not received the new ones, but the old ones. — Have 
you seen my new house ? — I have not seen it. — Has she her table ? — 
She has it not. — Have you the art cf pleasing (arte de agradar). — I 
have it not but my sister has it. — Have you seen the fine arts ? (bellas 
artes). — I have seen them. — Have you seen the horns of my ox ? — I 
have not seen them. — Have you the axe ? — I have it not. — Have you 
the axe of my cousin ? (female). — I have it not. — Have you the silver 
spoon ? — I have it not, but I have the silver pen. — Have you my bro- 
ther's clock. — I have it not. — Have you seen the beautiful girls. — I 
have not seen the beautiful girls, but the pretty little girls. — Have you 
seen the servant (fern.)— I have not seen the servant. 



ADDITION TO THE FOURTEENTH LESSON. 

ENGLISH. SPANISH. PRONUNCIATION 

What hour is it 1 Glue hora es 1 Kay orah es 1 

It is one o'clock. Es la una. " Es la oona. 



FIFTEENTH LESSON. 



71 



ENGLISH. 


'SPANISH. 


PRONUNCIATION. 


It is two o'clock. 


Son las dos. 


Son las dos. 


It is three o'clock. 


Son las tres. 


Son las trais. 


It is four o'clock. 


Son las cuatro. 


Son las kwatro. 


It is five o'clock. 


Son las cinco. 


Son las theenco. 


It is six o'clock. 


Son las seis. 


Son las sai-ees. 


It is seven o'clock. 


Son las siete. 


Son las see-aitay. 


It is eight o'clock. 


Son las ocho. 


Son las ocho. 


It is nine o'clock. 


Son las nueve. 


Son las noo-aivay, 


It is ten o'clock. 


Son las diez. 


Son las dee-aith. 


It is eleven o'clock. 


Son las once. 


Son las onthay. 


It is twelve o'clock. 


Son las doce. 


Son las dothay, 



EXERCISE No. 40. 

What hour is it ? — It is one o'clock. — It is two o'clock. — It is three 
o'clock. — It is four o'clock. — It is five o'clock, etc, 



FIFTEENTH LESSON. 

We shall hereafter dispense with the column of figured pronunciation, as 
the preceding lessons are sufficient to give all needed instruction on this 
subject. 



Fifteenth Lesson. 



Leccion dechna quintet. 



INDEFINITE ARTICLE, FEMININE. 

A an or one. Una. 



Nominative a. 

Possessive of or from a. 
Objective to a. 

A woman. 

A young woman. 

A young lady. 

A pen. 

Have you a pen 1 

A person. 

A silk stocking. 



Una. 

De una. 

A una. 

Una mujer. 

Una jo yen. 

Una senorita. 

Una pluma. 

Tiene V. una pluma. 

Una persona. 

Una media de seda. 



PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE ABSOLUTE, FEMININE. 



Singular and plural. 
Mine or my own. 
Yours or yo.ur own. 



Singular. 
La mia. 
La suya {or la de Vd.) 



Plural. 
Las mias. 
Las suyas {or lasdeVd.) 



72 



FIFTEENTH LESSON. 



His (er iiers, its) his La suya (or la de el, or Las suyas (or las de el 

- own. ella). or ella). 

Ours or our own. La nuestra. Las nuestras. 

Yours or your own. La suya (la de Vds.) Las suyas (las de Vds.) 

Theirs or their own. La suya (la de ellos or Las suyas (las de ellos 

ellas). or ellas). 

Thine or thine own. La tuya. Las tuyas. 

Obs. The following very important rule must be attended to. 

Rule. — In English the possessive adjectives or pronouns are in the 
gender of the possessor ; in Spanish they must be in the gender of the 
thing possessed. — Mine, thine, his, hers, yours, etc., must be expresse 
by el mio, el tuyo, el suyo, etc., when the thing possessed is masculint 
und by la mia, la tuya, la suya, etc., when it is feminine, without co~ 
sidering in the least the gender of the possessor, as may be seen b^ 
the following examples : 

Tiene Vd. mi pluma 6 la de el 1 
No tengo ni la de Vd. ni la de el, si- 
no la mia. 
Tiene Vd. el libro de mi hermana 1 
No tengo el suyo, tengo el mio. 
Cual vela tiene Vd.'? 
Cualluz tiene Vd.? 
Tengo la mia. 
Tengo las mias. 



Have you my pen or his 1 

I have neither yours nor his, but 

mine. 
Have you my sister's book 1 
I have not hers, I have mine. 
Which candle have you 1 
What light have you % 
I have mine. 
I have mine. 



ADJECTIVES, THEIR GENDER, ETC. 

Adjectives ending in o change o into a. Hombre honrado, honest 
man ; mujer honrada, honest woman ; hombre virtuoso, a virtuous 
man ; mujer virtuosa, a virtuous woman. 

Adjectives ending in n or r take an a when they modify a feminine 
noun ; a,s,fuego devorador, devouring fire ; pasion devoradora, devour- 
ing passion ; hombre haragan, idle man ; mujer haragana, idle woman. 

Adjectives ending otherwise, keep the same termination in both 
genders, ixito admirable, admirable success; mujer admirable, admira- 
ble woman ; hombre feliz, fortunate man ; mujer feliz, fortunate wo- 
man ; maridofiel, faithful husband ; esposa fiel, faithful wife ; hi jo obe- 
diente, obedient son ; hija obediente, obedient daughter. But those ad- 
jectives derived from the names of nations, provinces, etc., always 
take an a when modifying a feminine noun, whatever its termination 
may be. Example : 



Oro frances. 

Plata francesa. 

Un caballo Espanol. 

Una Senora Espanola. 

Instituto Cubano. 

Industria Cubans. 



French gold. 
French silver. 
A Spanish horse. 
A Spanish lady. 
Cuban institute. 
Cuban industry. 



FIFTEENTH LESSON. 73 

SPANISH. ENGLISH. 

Gobierno Ingles.] English government. 

• Constitution Inglesa. English constitution. 

Un joven Andaluz. A young Andalusian. 

Una joven Andaluza. A young Andalusian, (fern.) 

Un Senador Americano. An American senator. 

Una Senora Americana. An American lady. 

There are included in the class of adjectives, the cardinal and ordi- 
nal numbers. The cardinal are all of one termination, except the 
number one (uno), and the compounds of (cientoi) one hundred, as dos- 
cientos, doscientas. The ordinal are of two terminations. 

Note. — Two or more nouns in the singular require an adjective in 
die plural ; and if the nouns vary in gender the adjective must be in 
the masculine. Example : • 

Life and honor are dear. La vida y el honor son caros. 



EXERCISE No. 41. 

Have you my spoon or yours ? — 1 have yours. — Have you the silver 
spoon? — I have not the silver spoon, but the golden one. — Have you 
seen my sister's silver spoons? — I have not seen them. — Have you 
my cloak ? — I have it. — Have you any French gold ? — No, sir, I have 
not any. — Have you the silver spoon of my good sister? — I have not 
your good sister's silver spoon, but her gold spoon. — Have you re- 
ceived my beautiful cloth cloak ? — I have received it. — Have you the 
new cloak or the old one ? — I have the old one. — Have yo i a pen ? — 
Yes, Sir, I have one. — Have you a silk stocking ? — I have not a silk 
stocking, but I have a cotton stocking. — Have you not my silk stock- 
ings ? — No, Sir, I have not your silk stockings, but mine. — Have you 
seen an honest man? — I have seen one.— Have you seen an honest 
woman ? — Yes, Sir, I have seen one. — Have you seen an obedient son ? 
I have seen one. — Have you seen an obedient daughter. — Yes, Sir, I 
have seen one. — Have you seen a faithful husband. — I have seen one. 
— Have you seen a faithful wife ? — I have seen one. — Have you a for- 
tunate friend? — I have a fortunate friend. — Have you a" fortunate 
friend ? (female.) — I have not a fortunate one, but an unfortunate (m- 
feliz) one. 

EXERCISE No. 42. 

Have you seen the Spanish constitution ? — I have seen it. — Have 
you seen the Cuban institute ? — I have not seen it. — Have you the new 
English constitution ? — I have it not. — Have you seen the new Ameri- 
can flag (bandera) ? — I have seen it. — Have you seen the English pa- 
vilion Xpubelhn) ? — I have not seen the English pavilion.— Have you 
4 



74 



FIFTEENTH LESSON, 



seen a young Andalusian woman ?— I have seen one.— Have you re- 
ceived my letter ? — I have not received it.— Have you seen my little 
table ?— I have not seen it— Have you seen my little house ! — I have 
seen it. — Have you seen my pretty little bird ?— I have seen it.— Have 
you seen the large woman ?— I have not seen the large woman, but 
the contemptible little woman.— Have you seen the little coat {casaca) 
of my little brother ?— I hav^e seen it.— Have you seen the little spoon 
of my little sister ?— Have you seen the pretty little gold pen of my 
little cousin (female) ?— I have not seen her little gold pen, but her lit- 
tle hat.— Have you the little chair (silla) of my little friend ?— I have 
not.— Have you seen the little cup (tasa) ?— Yes, Sir, I have it.— Have 
you the little cloak of the young Andalusian woman ? — I have not 
hers, but I have that of the young American lady. — Have you seen 
the leather shoe of the little girl ?— I have not seen her shoe, but her 
little chair. — Have you the penknife of my little daughter ? — I have 
not her penknife, but her little gold pen. 



ADDITION TO THE FIFTEENTH LESSON. . 



Is it late 1 

It is not early. 

It is half after one. 

It is a quarter after one. 

It is a quarter to one. 

It is five minutes to one. 

It is half after two. 



Es tarde/i 

No es temprano. 

Es la una y media. 

Es ]a una y cuarto. 

Es la una menos cuar- 
to. 

Es la una menos cinco 
minutos. 

Son las dos y media. 



It is ten minutes after Son las dos y diez mi- 
two, nutos. 



Es tarde 1 

No es temprahno. 

Es la oona e maydee-ah. 

Es la oona e kwarto. 

Es la oona mai-no^ 

kwarto. 
Es la oona mai-nos 

theenco minootos. 
Son las dos e mai-dee- 

ah. 
Son las dos e dee-aith 

minootos. 



EXERCISE No. 43. 

Is it late ? — It is not late. — -It is early. — What hour is it ? — It is one 
o'clock. — It is two o'clock. — It is half after two. — It is three o'clock. 
— It is a quarter to three. — It is four o'clock. — It is two minutes after 
four. — It is five o'clock. — It is five minutes to five. — It is six o'clock. 
— It is a quarter to six. — It is seven o'clock. — It is half after seven. — 
It is eight o'clock. — It is a quarter after eight. — It is nine o'clock. — It 
is ten minutes to nine. — It is ten o'clock. — It is half after ten. — It is 
eleven o'clock. — It is five minutes to eleven. — It is twelve o'clock. — 
It is a quarter after twelve. 



Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. 
Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide 
Treatment Date: Sept. 2006 

PreservationTechnologies 

A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 

1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive 
Cranberry Township, PA 16066 
(724)779-2111 



